HO is defined by the development of ectopic mature bone within nonosseous tissues. It is a well-described phenomenon that complicates forearm fractures, especially when there is an open fracture, a significant soft tissue injury, and associated neural axis or thermal injury. HO mainly forms near metal hardware and may lead to the formation of radio-ulnar synostosis. CT is superior to plain radiographs, as it identifies the ectopic bone earlier, defines its exact localization, and helps planning the surgical intervention. Radiologic features are variable; in the early stage, CT shows a low-attenuation mass with indistinct surroundings. As the ossification process progresses, zones of mineralization are visible before leading to the formation of mature cortical bone at the periphery (Figure 1 and 2: arrows). Hastings classification describes 5 classes according to how HO affects the forearm range of motion.
Bochdalek hernia is the most common type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. It is due to a defect in the posterior attachment of the diaphragm muscle, subsequent to a failure of pleuroperitoneal membrane closure in utero. Bochdalek hernia is often asymptomatic in adults, hence, it is fortuitously discovered as an incidental finding on CT scan. Alternatively, it may be diagnosed only after complications occur, such as empyema, cardiac tamponade and gastrointestinal strangulation. CT usually demonstrates a fatty mass above the diaphragm (Figure 1: arrow), which may be associated with other organs entrapment. Coronal and sagittal reformatted images show the diaphragmatic defect (Figure 2: arrows).
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