Flood susceptibility mapping is essential for characterizing flood risk zones and for planning mitigation approaches. Using a multi-criteria decision support system, this study investigated a flood susceptible region in Bihar, India. It used a combination of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographic information system (GIS)/remote sensing (RS) with a cloud computing API on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Five main flood-causing criteria were broadly selected, namely hydrologic, morphometric, permeability, land cover dynamics, and anthropogenic interference, which further had 21 sub-criteria. The relative importance of each criterion prioritized as per their contribution toward flood susceptibility and weightage was given by an AHP pair-wise comparison matrix (PCM). The most and least prominent flood-causing criteria were hydrologic (0.497) and anthropogenic interference (0.037), respectively. An area of ~3000 sq km (40.36%) was concentrated in high to very high flood susceptibility zones that were in the vicinity of rivers, whereas an area of ~1000 sq km (12%) had very low flood susceptibility. The GIS-AHP technique provided useful insights for flood zone mapping when a higher number of parameters were used in GEE. The majorities of detected flood susceptible areas were flooded during the 2019 floods and were mostly located within 500 m of the rivers’ paths.

Over the years, technologies had used for development of various textile products to meet the consumer demands in different fields as per their end-use specifications. The market sustainability of the each new product mainly depends on the raw material as well as functionality. A functional finishing decides the end-use of the products as well as enhances the life of the products. Jute is one of the important natural cellulosic fibers and mainly used for sacking and packaging, rather than it has many advantageous properties. Similar to cotton, jute fiber has the potential to impart different functionality by different chemical finishing for its diversification. This paper reviews the functional finishing on jute textiles with special reference to softening, crease resistant, fire retardant, and hygiene for the satisfaction of the consumer's demand are reviewed.

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