No abstract

Objective. To use a combination of magnetic resonance diffusion-tensor imaging (MR-DTI) and MR imaging of voxel-based morphometry (MR-VBMFibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) belongs to a group of common functional somatic syndromes that are characterized by chronic widespread pain and are often accompanied by functional disturbance (dizziness, vertigo, palpitations, and peripheral edema) in different organ systems and symptoms of sleep disturbance, anxiety, memory problems, fatigue, and exhaustion. Because of the association between FMS development and severe organic illness, accidents, or stressful life events, FMS has also been regarded as a stress-related disorder (1). The combination of chronic widespread pain, sleep disturbance, and pronounced and ongoing stress symptoms is highly disabling, yet there is no universally effective treatment, and the pathophysiologic features of FMS are incompletely understood. Although this disorder has frequently been described as musculoskeletal or Supported by funds from the Departments of Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University.

MR sialography with evoked salivation is noninvasive and allows delineation of the submandibular ductal system and detection of sialoliths with accuracy that is similar to that of digital sialography and superior to that of US.

The type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI2) is essential for virulence and intracellular proliferation of Salmonella enterica. We have previously identified SPI2-encoded proteins that are secreted and function as a translocon for the injection of effector proteins. Here, we describe the formation of a novel SPI2-dependent appendage structure in vitro as well as on the surface of bacteria that reside inside a vacuole of infected host cells. In contrast to the T3SS of other pathogens, the translocon encoded by SPI2 is only present singly or in few copies at one pole of the bacterial cell. Under in vitro conditions, appendages are composed of a filamentous needle-like structure with a diameter of 10 nm that was sheathed with secreted protein. The formation of the appendage in vitro is dependent on acidic media conditions. We analyzed SPI2-encoded appendages in infected cells and observed that acidic vacuolar pH was not required for induction of SPI2 gene expression, but was essential for the assembly of these structures and their function as translocon for delivery of effector proteins

No abstract