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Combined experimental and theoretical studies have been carried out to investigate the transformations of the epoxyimides of norbornane into heterocyclic compounds. We established that interaction of the aryl-substituted epoxyimides of norbornane with sodium ethoxide results in the formation of new heterocyclic compounds in preparatively useful yields and with complete regioselectivity. The reactions of epoxyimides, containing aryl electron-donor substituents, result in the formation of endo-9-carbamoyl-exo-2-hydroxy-5-oxo-4-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0(3,7)]nonanes, while in the case of the absence of an aryl electron-donor group or the presence of aryl electron-withdrawing group in the epoxyimide, exo-2-hydroxy-5-oxo-4-azatricyclo[4.2.1.0(3,7)]nonan-endo-9-carboxylic acids were obtained as products of the ethanolysis reaction. Unexpectedly, the ethanolysis of alkyl-substituted epoxyimides leads to dihydroxyimide formation as the major product. In order to understand the vital role of the imide substituent, a systematic theoretical DFT study at the PCM/B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level was carried out. We found that substituents at the nitrogen atom of epoxyimides exerted remarkable effects on the regioselectivity in the ethanolysis reaction, based on the solvent effects and intramolecular electronic interactions. Particularly, the preference for the formation of dihydroxyimides over heterocyclic systems for alkyl derivatives might be explained by kinetic stability of the formed acetal intermediate over the competitive epoxyamido acid intermediate. The above results provide a convenient and efficient method for predicting the structures of heterocyclic systems formed under basic ethanol conditions depending on the substituent on the nitrogen atom of the norbornane epoxyimides.

A number of stereoisomeric N‐[aryl(alkyl, cycloalkyl)carbonyl]‐exo(endo)‐5‐aminomethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐enes have been synthesized from bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐en‐exo(endo)‐5‐carbonitrile via reduction of the latter by lithium aluminum hydride and subsequent reactions of the resulting amines with aryl(alkyl, cycloalkyl)carbonyl chlorides and anhydrides. The direction of reaction of amides with peroxy acids does not depend on orientation of substituents in the bicyclic fragment: that is, for both exo‐ and endo‐isomers the epoxidations are completed by the formation of N‐[aryl(alkyl, cycloalkyl)carbonyl]‐exo(endo)‐5‐aminomethyl‐exo‐2,3‐epoxybicyclo[2.2.1] heptanes. The reduction of stereoisomeric epoxides by lithium aluminium hydride proceeds in different directions; that is, isomers with an exo‐oriented amido group form the substituted exo‐5‐alkylaminomethyl‐exo‐2,3‐epoxybicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes and the reactions of epoxides of endo‐amides are accompanied by intramolecular cyclization and completed by the formation of N‐[aryl(alkyl, cycloalkyl)]‐exo‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐azatricyclo[4.2.1.03,7]nonanes. The structures and stereochemical homogenity of the products have been confirmed by the analysis of 1H and 13C NMR spectra, correlation spectroscopy, and nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy experiments. We discuss the behavior of epoxides and provide an analysis of the coefficients of the atomic orbitals in the molecular orbital–linear combination of atomic orbitals equation (AM1 method). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:119–130, 2001

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