Aims: This study investigated caries predictors in 378 children remaining from a birth cohort of 1,052 at 7 y and compared the efficacy of home visits (HVs) and telephone contacts (TCs) for early childhood caries (ECC) prevention. Methods: The HVs or TCs were made at ages 6, 12, 18, 30, and 42 mo with annual dental clinic examinations at ages 2 to 7 y. At every visit, the parents completed validated questionnaires regarding the children’s family, medical, dental, and dietary histories. Results: The caries prevalence increased from 2% and 6% at ages 2 and 3 y to 15%, 33%, 42%, and 52% at ages 4 to 7 y. The mean caries experience (decayed, missing, and teeth extracted due to caries) of the total cohort increased from 0.1 ± 0.5 at age 2 y to 0.2 ± 1.1 at 3 y, 0.5 ± 1.6 at 4 y, 1.1 ± 2.4 at 5 y, 1.6 ± 2.6 at 6 y, and 2.0 ± 2.7 at 7 y. The prevalence of mutans streptococci (MS) in the total cohort at years 2 to 7 was 22%, 36%, 42%, 42%, 39%, and 44%, respectively. MS was strongly correlated with caries prevalence for all years (all P < 0.001). Statistical modeling employing the generalized estimating equations identified caries predictors as holding a Health Care Card (low socioeconomic status) ( P = 0.009; odds ratio [OR] = 2.05; confidence interval [CI]: 1.20–3.52), developmental defects of enamel (DDEs) ( P < 0.001; OR = 1.09; CI: 1.05–1.14), and MS counts ≤105/mL ( P = 0.001; OR = 1.63; CI: 1.24–2.14). By contrast, HVs were more protective than TCs for caries ( P = 0.008; OR = 0.42; CI: 0.22–0.80). Conclusions: This study provides prospective, clinical evidence that MS, DDEs, and low socioeconomic status are strongly correlated with early childhood caries and that HVs are more efficacious than TCs in ECC prevention. Knowledge Transfer Statement: This 7-y birth cohort study provides longitudinal clinical evidence that mutans streptococci, developmental defects of enamel, and low socioeconomic status are key risk indicators of early childhood caries.
