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BACKGROUND: Renal biopsy performed in native and transplant kidneys is generally considered a safe procedure. AIM: In this study, we evaluated renal biopsy complications and risk factors in one nephrology facility. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a three-year retrospective study on patients who underwent renal biopsy between January 2014 and December 2016. Strict written biopsy protocol was followed. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from medical charts. Complications were categorised as minor and major, according to the need for intervention. Minor complications included macrohematuria and/or hematoma that did not require intervention. Major complications included hematuria or hematoma with fall of hematocrit that required a blood transfusion, surgery or caused death. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyse the possible factors associated with complications after the biopsy. RESULTS: We analysed 345 biopsies; samples were taken from patients aged from 15-81 years, of whom 61% were men. A total of 21 (6%) patients developed a complication, 4.4% minor and 1.7% major complications. There were no nephrectomy or death due to biopsy intervention. Overweight patients, as well as those with higher creatinine, lower hemoglobin, higher blood pressure and biopsy due to AKI had higher chances to develop complications (p = 0.037, p = 0.023, p = 0.032, p = 0.002, p = 0.002, respectively). The patients’ age, gender, kidney dimension, number of passes and uninterrupted aspirin therapy were not found as significant predictors of complications. In the multivariate logistic model, body weight (OR = 1.031, 95%CI = 1.002-1.062), lower hemoglobin (OR = 0.973, 95%CI = 0.951–0.996) and hypertension (OR = 1.025, 95%CI = 1.007-1.044) increased the risk of complications in biopsied patients. CONCLUSION: Renal biopsy is a safe procedure with a low risk of complications when strict biopsy protocol is observed. Correction of anaemia and blood pressure is to be considered before the biopsy.

In order to define the type of renal disease, renal biopsy was performed in 1304 patients, aged 14-72 years. Their biopsies were processed for light and immunofluorescence microscopy, and electron microscopy in some cases. The diagnosis of primary glomerular disease was confirmed in 716 patients with the following incidence: minimal change nephrotic syndrome in 52 (7.2%), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in 72 (9.9%), membranous nephropathy in 97 (13.5%), IgA nephropathy in 85 (11.8%), diffuse mesangial glomerulonephritis (GN) without IgA in 32 (4.4%), focal mesangial GN in 97 (13.5%), membranoproliferative GN in 59 (8.4%), acute GN in 88 (12.3%), crescentic GN in 53 (7.4%) and sclerosing GN in 46 patients (6.4%).

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