The essential role of yarn spinning in textile production is indisputable. In this context, spindle whorls, the basic spinning accessories that can be found in the archaeological record, are commonly discussed. Even though the importance of the technical specification of spindle whorls has been already recognized by some authors, their functional characteristics are usually limited to the basic parameters affecting their usage range (i.e., weight, diameter and height). And since the mass moment of inertia of spindle whorls is considered to be a salient index when discussing their technical variability, the descriptions are deficient. With this short study, we intend to implement further research with more complete and flexible frames for the description of spindle whorls, based on a simple and fast‐paced method of the angular mass measurement as well as relevant typology based on clear morphometrical criteria. On the basis of the examination of a small sample of Eneolithic artefacts (the South‐Eastern Group of the Funnel Beaker Culture, c. 3650 to 2800 bc), a case study of the functioning of spindle whorls is also conducted.
Contemporary vehicles have an increasing number of bodywork elements made of composites. Their advantages are undoubtedly weight reduction and increased corrosion resistance. On the other hand, accidental repairs are becoming difficult, however, in case of minor deformation there is often no permanent deformation. The authors researched the issue of the strength of composite bodyworks varies over time and in case of minor accidental damage, qualifying the element for further use. The paper presents the results of research on the structure and strength of composite body elements of selected vehicles. Undamaged components and plating parts that were damaged in collisions were examined.
The article presents the results of research on lubrication properties of rapeseed oil, methyl esters of rapeseed oil, as well as esters with goose fat.
Rapeseed oil has a better lubrication properties in relation to methyl esters of rapeseed oil. Addition of goose fat to esters negatively affected their lubrication properties.
The presented results confirm a relationship between the degree of unsaturated and lubricated properties. Among the tested compounds with oxygen groups (COOH, COOCH3, C = O),
the oleic acid (with a COOH group) characterised the best lubricity. The fat goose, which contains the least amount of unsaturated fatty acid esters, proved to be ineffective
addition lubricity between the factor lubricants analysis.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.