The structure was solved with SHELXS-86 using direct methods.The hydrogen atoms were originally placed at calculated positions. Eventually the coordinates of all but two (H38a and H38b, see below) were refined, with Uio's fixed at 1.2 times the Ue of the attached atom. Refinement was full-matrix least-squares using SHELXL-93.Definitions

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Areas of Macrocystis canopies, as recorded by infrared aerial photography, are presented for about 140 km of the southern California coastline for the 25 year period 1967 to 1991. Several surveys per year were conducted and the largest size canopy per year was selected for presentation. Possible effects from various influences were examined: El Nino and La Nina episodes, storms, rainfall, and human-associated influences such as discharged wastewaters.