We report here on the radiocarbon dating of sediment samples from Bavaria using the Erlangen accelerator mass spectrometry facility. The absolute time calibration of different sediment profiles, together with pollen analyses, should establish a better chronology of climate and vegetation during Holocene in Bavaria. For an enhanced reliability of sediment dating, we measured different fractions such as bulk sediments, pollen grains, macrofossils and humic acids. For these fraction, we describe the separation methods and conversion to sputter targets. Furthermore, we discuss the sample preparation for the dating of bones and present some results.
<b><i>Objective:</i></b> Complement deposition is prevalent in kidney biopsies of patients with arterial hypertension and hypertensive nephropathy, but an association of hypertension and complement deposition or involvement of complement in the pathogenesis of hypertensive nephropathy has not been shown to date. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this study, we analyzed complement C1q and C3c deposition in a rat model of overload and hypertension by subtotal nephrectomy (SNX) and in archival human renal biopsies from 217 patients with known hypertension and 91 control patients with no history of hypertension using semiquantitative scoring of C1q and C3c immunohistochemistry and correlation with parameters of renal function. To address whether complement was only passively deposited or actively expressed by renal cells, C1q and C3 mRNA expression were additionally analyzed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Glomerular C1q and C3c complement deposition were significantly higher in kidneys of hypertensive SNX rats and hypertensive compared to nonhypertensive patients. Mean arterial blood pressure (BP) in SNX rats correlated well with the amount of glomerular C1q and C3c deposition and with left ventricular weight, as an indirect parameter of high BP. Quantitative mRNA analysis showed that C3 was not only deposited but also actively produced by glomerular cells of hypertensive SNX rats and in human renal biopsies. Of note, in patients CKD-stage correlated significantly with the intensity of glomerular C3c staining, but not with that of C1q. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Renal complement deposition correlated with experimental hypertension as well as the presence of hypertension in a variety of renal diseases. To answer the question, if and how exactly renal complement is causative for the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension in men, further studies are needed.
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