Stocking rate is a key management variable in determining productivity and profitability of grazing systems, but it has not been adequately researched in the USA with high producing dairy cows. A replicated farmlet study was conducted to investigate the potential for improving dairy profitability through increasing stocking rates without influencing milk yield per cow. The study was conducted at the Pennsylvania State University Dairy Research and Education Center in University Park, on pasture dominated by orchardgrass (`Dactylis glomerata L.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Forty‐eight high‐producing Holstein cows (Bos taurus) were rotationally grazed at seasonal stocking rates of 1.0 (low, LSR), 1.3 (medium, MSR), and 1.6 (high, HSR) cows/acre, and were fed grain at the rate of approximately 1 lb grain DM to 4 lb milk production during a 2 yr study. Stocking rate had a positive effect on pasture nutritional quality, particularly when growth was more vigorous, and had a negative relationship with the percentage of the pasture rejected by cows. Seasonal milk yield per cow (approximately 10 000 lb) and milk composition were not affected by treatments in either year. Consequently, milk production per acre was directly related to stocking rate. An economic analysis of costs and returns indicated that profits per unit area of land increase with stocking rate—a $481/acre advantage was shown for the HSR over the LSR. In contrast, profits per cow decrease with stocking rate—the LSR showed a $36/cow advantage over the HSR. The optimal stocking rate for a given farm therefore will depend on individual farm resources (e.g., land, buildings, cows, etc.), and can be adjusted to meet the constraints of those resources without fear of significant adverse economic impact.
Research Question
Stocking rate, defined as the relationship between the number of animals and the grazing management unit used over a specified time (a grazing season, for example), is key to determining the potential for production and the profitability of a grazing system. The objective of this trial was to compare forage production and quality, milk production, and profitability on a per cow and per acre basis for three different stocking rates, using high‐producing Holstein cows grazing grass pasture.
Literature Summary
Where pastures are the primary source of feed for dairy cows, research consistently has shown that stocking rate is a major factor in determining the efficiency of the system. It determines the amount of the pasture that is available per cow, the proportion of the pasture that is consumed, and also influences the quality and long‐term productivity of the sward. Stocking rate is a crucial variable in New Zealand because pasture systems there are designed to maximize returns per acre. In contrast, dairy production in the USA traditionally focuses on returns per cow, and even where pastures are used, concentrates and supplemental forage are fed to maintain high levels of milk production per cow. Although grazing is increasing in t...