Type 1 collagen loss in the dermis is one of the primary causes of wrinkles seen in aged skin. Dermal fillers using type 1 collagen derived from bioengineered skin are now being used to treat facial wrinkles. These fillers, known by the trade names of CosmoDerm and CosmoPlast, can be used alone or in combination with hyaluronic acid fillers. The benefit of collagen-based dermal fillers is decreased downtime, decreased bruising, decreased pain on injection, and the ability to return lost structural components to aged skin. Many aesthetic physicians are beginning to use collagen- and hyaluronic-containing fillers in combination to replace both of these natural components of the skin that are lost during the aging process.
The far-infrared and Raman spectra of four isotopic species of cyclopentene have been assigned in order to obtain a detailed energy map for the low-frequency ring modes. The data for each molecule, consisting of a main series of ring-puckering bands, a series of side bands, and a series of ring-twisting absorption peaks (for the asymmetrically deuterated d1 and d4 molecules), have been analyzed by means of a two-dimensional potential energy calculation. The calculation yields a potential function of V = 7.880 X 10%4 -0.2706 X 10%2 + 0.5158 X 10%2 + 1.904 X 10%%2, where x1 and x2 represent the ring-puckering and ring-twisting coordinates, respectively. The barrier to inversion is calculated to be 232 cm'1 and the sign of the cross term reflects the fact that twisting of the ring tends to hinder the puckering process.
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