Understanding the relative performance of data collection methods is critical for the production of robust results in any biological field study. This is particularly relevant for monitoring studies of rare and inconspicuous species, such as some cetaceans. Here, we compared how passive acoustic and visual survey methods performed when surveying a multispecies cetacean community in a large-scale survey area and whether the simultaneous application of these methods leads to complementary results. For both methods we compared (1) frequency of unscheduled survey stoppages, (2) detection ranges, (3) success in identifying species, (4) precedence of either method in synchronous detections, (5) detection rates, and (6) influence of sea state on detection rates. Data were collected during 4 surveys conducted between 2015 and 2017, using simultaneous visual and acoustic methods in the Santos Basin, Brazil. A total of 1492 h of simultaneous sampling yielded 617 detections, of which 46.5% (n = 287) were exclusively acoustic, 18.5% (n = 114) were exclusively visual, and 35% (n = 216) were corresponding detections of the same group made by each method, resulting in 108 paired detections. The simultaneous application of visual and acoustic methods was complementary. Acoustics were more efficient in detecting cetaceans—detecting first and further from the vessel and with a greater detection rate—whereas visual observation was more accurate for species identification. When used together, detection rates per species increased, reducing potential biases. By improving acoustic classification through visually confirmed sightings, this integrated approach has the potential to provide a reliable sound library for cetaceans in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean.
Resumoaproveitamento de água pluvial em edificações representa uma alternativa atraente como fonte de água. No entanto, para possibilitar sua utilização, a água pluvial deve ser tratada para atingir a qualidade necessária. Os filtros são bastante utilizados e aparecem em diversos modelos. Com o intuito de avaliar diferentes sistemas de filtragem, foi feita uma comparação entre os parâmetros obtidos com cada unidade de tratamento levantada e os valores recomendados pela ABNT (2007). Também foram comparadas as eficiências dos sistemas entre si. Para isso, uma revisão bibliográfica foi desenvolvida com base em pesquisa na literatura existente. Visouse organizar informações a respeito do estado da arte de unidades de tratamento de água pluvial no mundo e contribuir para a consolidação do uso desses sistemas. Identificou-se falta de padronização nos métodos e parâmetros, o que prejudica a análise precisa acerca de quais modelos seriam mais adequados para os possíveis cenários de utilização. Também foi constatado que o padrão de qualidade de água exigido na norma brasileira não foi atingido para nenhum caso. Entretanto, os modelos estudados mostraram resultados promissores, atingindo elevados percentuais de remoção, variando em sua maioria de 60% a 100%.Palavras-chave: Água pluvial. Filtragem. Tratamento. Filtros. Edificações. Revisão de literatura. AbstractThe use of rainwater in buildings is an attractive alternative as a water source. However, to enable its use, rainwater must be treated in order to achieve the necessary quality. Filters are widely used for this purpose, and they are available in a variety of models. In order to assess different filtration systems, the results obtained by using each treatment unit and the limits recommended by ABNT (2007) were compared. The different systems' efficiency were also compared with each other. A review was undertaken based on research studies available in the literature. This project aimed to organize information on state-of-the-art treatment units around the world and to contribute to consolidate these systems of rainwater treatment. The study detected a lack of standardisation in the methods and parameters analysed, which hinders a more precise analysis of which models would be most suitable to treat rainwater. The study also verified that the water quality required by the Brazilian regulation was not achieved by any of the filters. Nevertheless, the models studied showed promising results, i.e., they achieved high efficiency for most parameters, ranging between 60% and 100%.
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