For many years, malocclusions have remained one of the most common dental pathologies in the world. Malocclusions are found in every second child and teenager in the world, and their prevalence does not change depending on the stage of the bite. Having polyetiological causes, malocclusions affect most body systems, which are closely related to the functions of respiration, chewing, swallowing, and speech. Our goal was to obtain up-to-date data on the prevalence of malocclusion in children during the period of mixed and early permanent occlusion. In this study, we examined 674 children aged from 6 to 13 years (with the mean age of 9.2). The examined patients' occlusion was assessed in three planes: sagittal, vertical, and transverse. In the sagittal plane, the occlusion was assessed according to Angle’s classification, children were divided into three groups according to this criterion: class I, class II, class III. The overbite was estimated in the vertical plane. Children were divided into three groups: normal group, overbite, open bite. The overlap in the lateral areas was estimated in the transverse plane. Children were divided into three groups according to this criterion: normal group, bilateral crossbite, unilateral crossbite. In 94.51% of all children aged from 6 to 13 years, living in the city of Kyiv and Kyiv region, there was a malocclusion in one of the three planes, regardless of the gender. Only 5.49% of children did not have a malocclusion. Among the total number of children examined, class I was observed in 324 children, class II in 296 children, class III in 54 children. Among all examined children aged from 6 to 13 years, overbite was diagnosed in 57.27% (386 children). The open bite was determined least often, with the incidence rate of 9.64% (65 children) among the examined 674 children. Unilateral crossbite was observed in 58 children (8.61%) among 674 subjects. In most cases, namely, in 43 children (74.14%) out of 58 children, unilateral crossbite was accompanied by the midline displacement. Bilateral crossbite was detected in 163 children (24.18%) among the total number of respondents. Bite anomalies in sagittal and vertical planes were observed in 444 children (65.88%), 91 children (13.5%) in the sagittal and transverse planes, 43 children (6.38%) in the vertical and transverse planes, and 59 children (8.75%) in all planes. Developing a strategy for early prevention and treatment of malocclusion in children, as well as eliminating bad habits are important factors in combating the growing number of patients with orthodontic pathologies. Our data indicate a high prevalence of malocclusion among children and teenagers and the need to review the prevention management and early treatment of children of this age group.
Introduction: It is well known that Angle's class II malocclusion is the most common of all occlusal pathology. The prevalence of this malocclusion among children remains at 35-43% and tends to increase. Class II malocclusion negatively affects not only the functions of chewing, swallowing, breathing and speech, but also life in general, especially for children and adolescents. An analysis of modern scientific papers shows that variability of class II malocclusion is insufficiently covered in published classifications. Objectives: To develop a classification of Angle's class II malocclusion forms based on the determination of angular and linear cephalometric parameters for children aged 7 to 12 years old and to analyze of their prevalence in Ukraine. Material and Methods: 138 lateral cephalometric radiographs of children aged 7 to 12 years old with Angle's class II malocclusion were selected. Cephalometric analysis by Perillo-ID method was performed on all 138 radiographs. 68 lateral cephalometric radiographs were selected for further study. Results: Cephalometric analysis by Perillo-ID method on 68 lateral cephalograms in children aged 7-12 years old showed a wide range of variability forms of Angle's class II malocclusion. The results of 7 angular and 4 linear parameters allowed to create a classification of Angle's class II malocclusion forms and sizes, taking into consideration the position of the lower jaw in children during the mixed dentition period. Conclusions: Authors modified Perillo's cephalometric analysis, which allowed to create a detailed classification of Angle's class II malocclusion forms for children during the mixed dentition period. The new classification will allow to clearly differentiate the etiology of malocclusion, to differentiate the true mandible underdevelopment from its retroposition or rotation.
Background. Tooth eruption is a complex, multi-staged, and well-regulated biological and age specific process that can be affected and influenced by many systemic and local factors. The deviation more than ±2SD from the established norm of tooth eruption terms, while also taking account racial, ethnic, and gender factors, is important for the clinician. Objective. To estimate the prevalence of delayed tooth eruption (DTE) of permanent maxillary anterior teeth among Ukrainian children sample and to investigate the epidemiology distribution of delayed eruption cases according to their causes based on CBCT data. Materials and Methods. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) data sets of 684 children (304 boys and 380 girls) aged 7–14 years old, who previously have sought for orthodontic diagnostics in Central Laboratory Diagnosis of the Head (CLDH), were collected and examined to detect any delayed eruption of the permanent maxillary anterior teeth. Signs of delayed eruption were identified considering tooth developmental stages, relationships between the chronologic age and dental developmental age, eruption sequence. Results. The total prevalence of delayed tooth eruption of permanent maxillary anterior teeth among the 684 children was 42.84%. 293 children (155 boys and 138 girls) had at least one impacted or retained tooth. The maxillary canines the most frequently demonstrated signs of delayed eruption and compiled 30.7% of all examined cases and 71.67% of all delayed eruption cases, followed by the lateral incisors of the maxilla – 6.58% and 15.36% respectively, and the central incisors – 5.56% and 12.97% respectively. Loss of space in dental arch and the ectopic eruption pathway were the most causative factor of delayed eruption of permanent maxillary anterior teeth. Conclusions. Delayed tooth eruption of permanent maxillary anterior teeth is frequently seen in everyday orthodontic practice and requires a multidisciplinary approach of diagnostics to avoid many treatment-related complications. CBCT data is essential for timely diagnostics of DTE and primary for the causative factors identification in order to provide optimal and effective management plan for each patient.
Кафедра оперативної хірургії з топографічною анатомією (зав.-проф. З.З. Масна) Львівського національного медичного університету імені Данила Галицького ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМИ КОМІРКОВИХ І БАЗАЛЬНИХ ДУГ ВЕРХНЬОЇ ЩЕЛЕПИ ТА ЇХ СПІВВІДНОШЕННЯ В ОСІБ РІЗНОЇ СТАТІ Резюме. З метою визначення можливих варіантів форми коміркових та базальних дуг верхньої щелепи та закономірностей їх співвідношення в ході планового стоматологічного обстеження було оглянуто 55 осіб (27 чоловіків і 28 жінок) у віці 21-60 років із збереженим верхньощелепним зубним рядом. Усі обстежувані були пацієнтами "Стоматологічної клініки доктора Дахно" (м. Київ). За медичними показаннями їм проводили комп'ютерно-томографічне обстеження, виконуючи сканування паралельно до оклюзійної площини. Реконструкцію зображення проводили із застосуванням високорозрішуваного кісткового алгоритму. На зображеннях визначали форму коміркової та базальної дуг верхньої щелепи встановлено, що коміркові та базальні дуги верхньої щелепи можуть мати форму п'яти геометричних фігур: овала, півкола, еліпса, трапеції або квадрата. Особливості форми коміркової і базальної дуг коміркового відростка верхньої щелепи в осіб як жіночої, так і чоловічої статі характеризуються вираженою індивідуальною варіабельністю, їх врахування дозволить уникнути при дентальному протезуванні низки ускладнень, пов'язаних із перерозподілом навантаження на кісткову тканину щелепи при артикуляції. Ключові слова: комірковий відросток, коміркова дуга, базальна дуга, форма.
The chin affects facial esthetics and the harmony between frontal and lateral views and is one of the most important anatomic structures of the lower third of the face. Chin osteotomy is aimed at ensuring the harmonization of the facial profile by balancing the size and form of the lower third of the face. It is assumed that the isolated genioplasty surgery will improve the pharyngeal airway space (PAS) by promoting muscle changes, specifically by pulling forward the hyoid bone and decompressing the hypopharynx region. Two patients without obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) underwent isolated chin osteotomy for esthetic purposes. Forward movement of the chin by the Pg point was 7 mm in one case and 11 mm in another case. They were evaluated by preoperative and postoperative cone-beam computed tomography scans. The upper airway space was subdivided into retropalatal and retroglossal spaces. After this, the upper airway space was analyzed through the following criteria: 1) three-dimensional, high-altitude, cross-sectional surfaces; 2) transverse and anteroposterior diameter changes. Isolated segmental genioplasty was used after precise virtual planning and resulted in the PAS increase only in one case. There was a relevant correlation between the vertical and horizontal chin change and the hypopharynx. There was an average of a 1.6-fold increase in the total volume of the upper airway space. The retroglossal space was increased 1.5-fold. In another case, there was no relevant correlation between the vertical and horizontal chin change and the PAS. Isolated segmental chin osteotomy provides predictable esthetic results in the correction of different mandible anterior deformities and may contribute to an increased volume and a morphologic airway change. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the effect of isolated segmental genioplasty on the pharyngeal airway space.
перебудова коміркових відростків верхньої щелепи торкається не лише його висоти, але й товщини і співвідношення шарів компактної та губчастої кісткової тканини. Мета дослідження: з'ясування лінійних розмірів шарів кісткової тканини коміркового відростка верхньої щелепи в осіб зрілого віку чоловічої та жіночої статі і встановлення особливостей їх вікової динаміки. Дослідження виконано на спіральному 16-рядному детекторному комп'ютерному томографі TOSHIBA Activion 16. Обстежено 42 особи (22 жінки та 20 чоловіків) у віці 22-60 років без захворювань в анамнезі, які могли б вплинути на стан кісткової тканини. Проведений порівняльний аналіз показників товщини шарів кісткової тканини коміркового відростка верхньої щелепи на рівні оральної (коміркова дуга) та базальної (базальна дуга) частин в осіб різних вікових груп чоловічої та жіночої статі засвідчив, що загальною особливістю будови коміркового відростка всіх обстежуваних осіб є співвідношення товщини шарів кісткової тканини в досліджуваній ділянці-найбільшою є товщина губчастого шару кісткової тканини, зовнішня компактна пластинка має практично однакову товщину на всьому протязі, а товщина внутрішньої компактної пластинки змінюється обернено пропорційно до товщини губчастого шару кісткової тканини. Вікова динаміка досліджуваних показників є різною для різних ділянок коміркового відростка верхньої щелепи і характерною для осіб кожної статі. Ключові слова: комірковий відросток, компактна пластинка, губчастий шар, лінійні розміри, вікова динаміка.
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