This work presents a new approach with details on the integrated platform and hardware architecture for nanorobots application in epidemic control, which should enable real time in vivo prognosis of biohazard infection. The recent developments in the field of nanoelectronics, with transducers progressively shrinking down to smaller sizes through nanotechnology and carbon nanotubes, are expected to result in innovative biomedical instrumentation possibilities, with new therapies and efficient diagnosis methodologies. The use of integrated systems, smart biosensors, and programmable nanodevices are advancing nanoelectronics, enabling the progressive research and development of molecular machines. It should provide high precision pervasive biomedical monitoring with real time data transmission. The use of nanobioelectronics as embedded systems is the natural pathway towards manufacturing methodology to achieve nanorobot applications out of laboratories sooner as possible. To demonstrate the practical application of medical nanorobotics, a 3D simulation based on clinical data addresses how to integrate communication with nanorobots using RFID, mobile phones, and satellites, applied to long distance ubiquitous surveillance and health monitoring for troops in conflict zones. Therefore, the current model can also be used to prevent and save a population against the case of some targeted epidemic disease.

This work describes an innovative medical nanorobot architecture based on important discoveries in nanotechnology, integrated circuit patents, and some publications, directly or indirectly related to one of the most challenging new fields of science: molecular machines. Thus, the architecture described in this paper reflects, and is supported by, some remarkable recent achievements and patents in nanoelectronics, wireless communication and power transmission techniques, nanotubes, lithography, biomedical instrumentation, genetics, and photonics. We also describe how medicine can benefit from the joint development of nanodevices which are derived, and which integrate techniques, from artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and embedded smart sensors. Teleoperated surgical procedures, early disease diagnosis, and pervasive patient monitoring are some possible applications of nanorobots, reflecting progress along a roadmap for the gradual and practical development of nanorobots. To illustrate the described nanorobot architecture, a computational 3D approach with the application of nanorobots for diabetes is simulated using clinical data. Theoretical and practical analysis of system integration modeling is one important aspect for supporting the rapid development in the emerging field of nanotechnology. This provides useful directions for further research and development of medical nanorobotics and suggests a time frame in which nanorobots may be expected to be available for common utilization in therapeutic and medical procedures.

A special case of the x-ray multiple diffraction phenomenon, the Bragg surface diffraction (BSD), has been investigated under lattice damage due to ion implantation in GaAs (001) samples. The BSD profile is very sensitive to the diffraction regime (dynamical or kinematical) and provides information regarding crystalline perfection and lattice strains in both directions—parallel and perpendicular—to the sample surface. Results from grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction and reciprocal space mapping are also reported.

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The performance of microstrip antennas using composite thick films of (BTOBaTiO 3 ) and CCTO (CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 ) as a substrate were studied. The dielectric permittivity and loss of (BTO) x -(CCTO) 1Àx thick films with x 5 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 0.9, and 1 were examined. These films were prepared in two-layer geometry using the screen-printing technique on Al 2 O 3 substrates. Mechanical alloying followed by the solid-state procedure was successfully employed to produce powders of CCTO (CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 ) used in the films. We also studied the films dielectric permittivity (K) and loss (D) in the medium-frequency (MF) range (100 Hz to 1 MHz). The performance of a planar microstrip antenna that uses the (BTO) x :(CCTO) 1Àx thick films as a substrate of high K was also examined in the microwave range of frequencies. From the analysis of the antenna operation of the samples, one can conclude that the higher values of K in the range of 2.5-3.3 GHz antennas is presented by the BTO substrates. For the BTO film, the K value is ;66 (2.6 GHz) and decreases to 34 for the CCTO film (3 GHz). For the BTO and CCTO films, the antenna bandwidths (BW) are ;50% and ;38%, respectively. The higher bandwidth presented by the BTO compared to the CCTO is certainly associated with the higher loss presented by the BTO phase, which is a ferroelectric phase. Therefore, these measurements confirm the potential use of such materials for small microwave planar antennas, where the miniaturization of the devices is crucial.

0.92 and 0.85, respectively. The transmitted pulse undergoes very minimum distortion. Hence the received signal fairly retains the input pulse shape. CONCLUSIONIn this letter, a CPW-fed compact UWB antenna with tunable band-notched characteristic using a single kg/4 stub loaded with varactor diode has been successfully studied and fabricated. The proposed antennas have excellent impedance bandwidth covering the targeted UWB band. The notched bandwidth is narrow, highly selective, and continuous tunable with applied bias voltage to the varactor diode. The measured radiation pattern of the antenna is stable and consistent with frequency with fairly omnidirectional pattern in broadside plane. The system transfer function, group delay, ringing duration, and the SFF of the bandnotched UWB antenna system in face to face as well as side by side orientations are measured and discussed. The measured values indicate that the proposed band-notched UWB antenna show minimum pulse distortion and find suitable for potential application in UWB systems.

The solid‐state procedure is used to produce bulk ceramics of CCTO (CaCu3Ti4O12). The samples of the CCTO ceramic are studied by X‐ray powder diffraction and infrared and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The infrared and Raman scattering spectroscopy confirm the formation of the CCTO phase, as seen by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. One experimental procedure uses an organic binder in the process of shaping the samples. In the second procedure, the samples were prepared without the presence of the organic phase, and we obtained a higher dielectric constant (K = 7370) with higher loss (D = 0.2) at 1 KHz. For the first procedure, a lower dielectric constant (K = 1530) and lower loss (D = 0.11) at 1 KHz were obtained. Simple rectangular antenna prototypes were also designed on substrate samples (C1, C2, P1, and P2). For the antennas with P2, C1, and C2 as substrates, the bandwidth (BW) is 90 MHz (around 3%). The antenna with P1 substrate presents a surprisingly high BW of 270 MHz, which corresponds to a 10% bandwidth. Such a value is in accordance with the requirements for planar antennas in a variety of wireless communication systems such as WLAN, PCS, Wi‐Fi, and other protocols. Therefore, these measurements confirm the potential use of such materials for small high‐dielectric planar antennas (HDAs). These materials are also attractive for capacitor applications as well as for microelectronics and microwave devices (cellular mobile phones, for example), where miniaturization of the devices is crucial. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 39: 145–150, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11152

The highest and lowest temperatures in the transistors were read. The temperature variation is calculated as dividing the temperature difference by the minimum temperature, shown in Figure 5. Note that infrared camera will enter saturation and be unable to detect higher temperature if current density is further increased.At same collector current density, an almost same temperature variation is achieved in both ballast resistor networks. Considering the fact that novel network consists of more transistors than the conventional one in the same area, we claim that our proposed novel network achieves a more uniform temperature distribution than the conventional one. CONCLUSIONSIn the proposed novel ballast resistor network, both DC and AC signals are fed into each transistor at same transmission length. Although in the conventional one, it is not the case. Verified by the experiments, the novel network not only stabilizes the thermal operation of the power cells, but also realizes a more uniform temperature distribution. This will improve the device reliability as well as its mean-time-to-failure. Also, die area is not compromised by capacitor layout area reduction in the novel network. ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors would like to thank UC Discovery grant, as well as Dr. Liwu Yang, Dr.Daniel Yang, Ms. Judy Carlson and Ms.