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Epitaxial waveguide structures of c-axis oriented BaTiO 3 thin films on MgO͑001͒ have been grown by pulsed laser deposition. The structural properties of the samples have been characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry/ion channeling ͑RBS/C͒, x-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy. We found excellent crystalline quality even up to thicknesses of a few microns. This has been confirmed by RBS/C minimum yield values of 2%-3%, a full width at half maximum of 0.36°of the BaTiO 3 ͑002͒ rocking curve, and a rms roughness of 1.1 nm for a 950 nm BaTiO 3 film. The out-of-plane refractive index was measured to be close to the extraordinary bulk value with the birefringence being about one third of the bulk value. Waveguide losses of 2.9 dB/cm have been demonstrated.

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Ridged channel waveguides in KNbO 3 were produced using He ϩ ion implantation, photolithographic masking, and subsequent Ar ϩ ion sputtering. We investigated the linear and nonlinear optical characteristics of the waveguides. The effective mode indices are derived from the refractive index profiles using the effective index method. The losses are investigated as a function of wavelength and of the geometrical parameters channel width and ridge height. A minimum loss of 2 dB cm Ϫ1 is measured at a wavelength of 0.633 m. We investigated the power handling capabilities at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Second-harmonic generation in these waveguides is studied both theoretically and experimentally with regard to its dependence on the guide fabrication parameters. Phase-matching configurations for blue light second-harmonic generation are evaluated on the basis of the dispersion of the effective mode indices. Overlap integrals are calculated on the basis of the field distributions derived from the refractive index profiles. The minimum effective guide cross section is 25 m 2. A continuous-wave second-harmonic output power of 14 mW at 438 nm was obtained with an in-coupled fundamental power of 340 mW in a 0.73 cm long waveguide, yielding a normalized internal conversion efficiency of 25% W Ϫ1 cm Ϫ2 (13% W Ϫ1). This corresponds to an improvement by a factor of 3 compared to the best results reported for KNbO 3 waveguides up to now.