Résumé Cet article présente des normes de concrétude, de valeur d'imagerie, de fréquence subjective et de valence émotionnelle pour 866 mots. Ces normes ont été collectées auprès de 97 participants de langue maternelle française, âgés de 23 ans en moyenne. Des statistiques descriptives et des analyses corrélationnelles ont été conduites sur ces normes et sur d'autres indices normatifs déjà publiés (âge d'acquisition, familiarité conceptuelle, variabilité d'imagerie) et objectifs (fréquence objective). Les analyses de corrélation révèlent la nature composite des estimations. En particulier, la fréquence subjective et la valeur d'imagerie sont fortement corrélées à l'ensemble des variables. La concrétude est fortement corrélée uniquement à la valeur d'imagerie et à la valence émotionnelle, laquelle est faiblement corrélée avec les autres variables. Les chercheurs doivent disposer de telles indications pour sélectionner du matériel dans le cadre d'expériences ayant recours à des plans factoriels ou pour réaliser des analyses de régression multiple. Mots-clés: concrétude, valeur d'imagerie, fréquence subjective, valence émotionnelle.
Phenomena occurring at the interface between skin and a glass pad, alternatively moved at its surface, are described by direct observation and measured by recording the force on the pad induced by the skin displacement. Static and dynamic friction coefficients are determined as a function of the load applied on the pad. Influence on the recordings of the friction coefficient of some cosmetic treatments applied on the skin are described. Results show that discontinuous phenomena, due to compression and distortion of the skin microrelief, occur during the beginning of the sliding process. Friction coefficients are depending on the load applied on the pad. Our studies confirm the increase of friction coefficient after hydration of the skin surface and suggest that the fluctuations in the frictional force amplitude could supply an objective, although indirect, measurement of skin smoothness.
Vitreoscilla filiformis (Vf), a filamentous bacteria living in fresh water is thought to contribute to the observed beneficial effects of Spa water on skin. An active fraction obtained from a Vf biomass was evaluated for its ability to modulate mRNA expression in cultured skin cells. cDNA array analysis was conducted first using a customized membrane including 1176 selected and fully identified genes involved in skin physiology and homeostasis then the newly developed full genome U133 plus 2.0 GeneChip from Affymetrix. The mitochondrial protective manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD/SOD-2) was identified as a preferentially induced mRNA target in both normal human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Induction at the transcriptional level in both cell types was confirmed using quantitative real time/polymerase chain reaction and a kinetic analysis revealed a maximal increase in mRNA expression 20 h after stimulation with Vf extract (Vfe). Using immunofluorescent (fluorescent cell sorter) analysis, an induction of MnSOD protein in both normal human dermal skin fibroblasts (x1.6; P < 0.01) and epidermal keratinocytes (x1.4; P < 0.01) was confirmed. As MnSOD is a major inducible free-radical scavenger in skin, these results suggest that the Vfe could induce skin cells to produce their own endogenous protective defences in vivo against both exogenous environmental stressors such as UV irradiation or microflora as well as to combat endogenous sources of deleterious free radicals involved in skin ageing. Finally, in order to confirm the in vivo potential of this original extract in human, we evaluated its protective activity vs. placebo on the generation of sunburn cells in epidermis under UVB stress. As expected from in vitro profiling, Vfe was indeed found to significantly inhibit the appearance of sunburn cells in UVB-exposed areas, a signature of skin alteration which has been suggested to be linked to a defect in MnSOD protective activity. Altogether, those data suggest that the combination of a suitable protective UV filter together with this bioactive Vfe might improve skin protection through complementary pathways.
-Proteolysis is known to be a key factor for cheese stretchability. However, proteolysis in Swiss cheese is rather limited because of the inactivation of rennet during cooking. To determine the contribution of the main agents of Swiss cheese proteolysis, experimental cheeses were manufactured with various Lactobacillus cultures or with various amounts of plasmin added. Marked differences in stretchability were observed among the Lactobacillus cultures. Lactobacillus helveticus strains yielded higher stretchability than Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis strains and than mixed cultures of both species. Plasmin addition improved the stretchability at the early stages of ripening (cold room ripening) only. Strong relationships were observed between the proportion of hydrophobic peptides in the fraction of pH 4.6-soluble nitrogen and cheese stretchability. These results show that Lactobacillus culture is a key factor for Swiss cheese stretchability and suggest the involvement of hydrophobic soluble peptides in Swiss cheese stretchability. stretchability / Swiss-type cheese / proteolysis / Lactobacillus helveticus / Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis
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