Introduction and aims Assessing pubertal growth is complex, due to variation in age when puberty begins. We have developed a new puberty phase specific (PPS) growth reference, constructed using Dutch national cross-sectional data, recalibrated to match the UK 1990 reference. It uses Tanner staging simplified into three phases: Pre puberty (Tanner stage 1), In puberty (2 and 3) and Completing puberty (4 and 5). The aim of this analysis was to assess the validity of the PPS reference when applied to UK children, and the impact its use might have on the assessment of pubertal growth. Subjects and method We used the Chard data set: longitudinal height and weight data collected on 124 healthy UK children from 1981 to 1988 for ages 8.3-16.6 years. There were 1-14 measurement occasions per child, 1,252 in total, all with exact age and Tanner pubertal staging. All measures were converted into SD scores (SDS) based on the UK90 reference and the new PPS reference. Results Within each phase, the measurements fitted closely to the PPS reference (mean height SDS by phase: Pre 0.1, In 0.1, Completing 0.3; mean weight SDS: Pre −0.1, In 0.1, Completing 0.1); PPS SDS showed little trend with age in each phase, in contrast to UK90 where the SDS fell significantly (see table 1). Abstract G185 Table 1 Correlations with age Pre Puberty In Puberty Completing Puberty PPS Height SDS 0.02 −0.04 0.05 Weight SDS −0.02 −0.08+ 0.04 Uk 1990 Height SDS −0.17** −0.32*** −0.22*** Weight SDS −0.22*** −0.35*** −0.22*** + P <0.1 **P <0.01 *** P<0.001 For 72 children with measurements in both the Pre and Completing phases, a change of more than one centile space (0.67 SDS) over time was seen in only 15% (11) for PPS height SDS and only 26% (17) for PPS weight SDS. Conclusions Children entering puberty relatively late tend to appear shorter and lighter based on the conventional UK90 chart, but do not when compared to a reference that adjusts for phase of puberty. The PPS reference shows a good fit to UK children and should allow growth though puberty to be tracked more accurately.
Background: Candida spp. is the yeast caused infection termed candidiasis; this is naturally found on the skin and inner the body, in an area like the gut, intestines, throat, vagina, and mouth, with the absence inciting any problems. Candida albicans is yeast naturally found in the skin; intestinal tract; vaginal and mouth. This is a polymorphic yeast (that capable of growing either as avoid shaped budding yeast, when it affect the mouth, it is typically termed oral thrush, and when it affect the dermal (diaper area) called diaper rash. clinical signs and symptoms involve white patches on the or other areas of the mouth and throat, `other signs may involve soreness and problems of swallowing. Objective: To study detection, isolation, and identification of C. albicans from infants in Al-Battol Teaching Hospital in Diyala Province by routine laboratory procedure, and identification of other species of Candida. Patients and Methods: Two hundred samples were taken from infants less than 2 years who attended Al-Battol teaching Hospital in Diyala, province during the period from October 2019 to February 2020. Method of this study by making a routine and confirmative diagnosis processes involve a microscopic examination, culture on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar for diagnosis of primary invasive candidiasis, and culture on chrome agar for differentiating between C. albicans and other spp. Results: The results of this study showed the isolates of oral samples were 12 (24%) C. albicans and 18(36.0%) C. non albicans; for dermal isolates were 10(20.0%) C. albicans and 17(34.0%) C. non albicans; and for both isolates oral and dermal samples were 13(26.0%) C. albicans and 21 (42.0) C. non albicans. Conclusion: In this study found that the male are more infected by Candida than female. And also we concluded that small age children more infected than large age. Keywords: C. albican, non-albicans Candida spp. , infants
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