This article describes results of the immunological study of school-aged children residing in cities with different levels of the technogenic air pollution. Children from cities with the highest level of the technogenic pollution had a high number of immature neutrophils (band cells) and eosinophils. The children living in these ecologically unfavorable areas have presented a reduction of T-cell antigen receptor CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD16, CD95. This indicates to that both T-cell and B-cell immunity is suppressed. The decline of the phagocytic function in neutrophils indicates to the suppression of the nonspecific host defense mechanisms also.
The aim of the study was to assess the role of the innate immunity gene polymorphism in the population selection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes circulating in the ethnically close groups of Mongoloids: Buryats and Khalkha-Mongols. Materials and Methods. Nucleotide polymorphisms of innate immunity genes were identified in 400 patients with chronic hepatitis C, including 200 people belonging to the ethnic group of Mongols living in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) and 200 to the ethnic group of Buryats living in Ulan-Ude (Republic of Buryatia). The control group (n=531) consisted of apparently healthy people comprising 220 Buryats and 311 Khalkha-Mongols. Genetic studies of twelve single-nucleotide polymorphisms of nine genes: IFNL1 (rs30461); IFNL3 (rs12979860 and rs8099917); IFNL4 (rs368234815); CD209 (rs4804803); TLR3 (rs3775291 and rs13126816); TLR7 (rs179008 and rs179009); IFITM (rs12252); MyD88 (rs6853); IFIH1 (rs1990760) have been performed in the mentioned selections of the sick and healthy individuals. When analyzing the genetic study results, frequencies of gene alleles and their combinations in the form of genotypes have been compared. Results. The dominant prevalence of the HCV genotype 1 (98.0%) was found in the territory of Mongolia which appeared to be significantly higher (p<0.001) than its prevalence in the territory of Buryatia (66.0%). Among the genetic factors which can influence the formation of the circulating genotype structures in Buryat and Mongolian population, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in three genes (IFNL3, TLR3, and TLR7), the frequency of which differed significantly in the examined cohorts, have been detected. In the ethnical Buryat group, the search for the candidate genes in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 and non-1 (2 or 3, 2/3) has established that T allele of rs179008 TLR7 gene occurs 2 times more often in women with chronic hepatitis C infection caused by genotype 2/3 than by genotype 1 (p=0.04). Conclusion. A low prevalence of HCV genotypes 2 and 3 among the population in the territory of Mongolia is likely to be caused by a rare frequency of the mutant T allele of TLR7 gene (rs179008) associated with the predisposition to HCV-2/3 infection, i.e. the situation that has been demonstrated in our work using the ethnical group of Buryats as an example.
Aim. To establish the main external and genetically determined risk factors for the development of hepatocellular cancer in the ethnic group of male Yakuts living in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) [RS (Y)] in the epidemiologically unfavorable conditions of the incidence of viral hepatitis. Materials and methods. A total of 97 male Yakuts were examined, including 44 people diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer and 53 people diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis. HCC risk factors were identified by analyzing medical records and questioning patients. In the experimental and control groups, genetic studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes mapped on the X-chromosome and involved in the activation of antiviral immunity along the TLR7 signaling pathway were performed. Results and discussion. In 100% of patients with hepatocellular cancer, infection with hepatitis B, C, D viruses or co - infection with these agents was detected. Every fourth patient with HCC in the RS (Y) was infected with hepatitis D. The course of hepatocellular cancer associated with HDV was characterized by rapid progression of liver cirrhosis, development of portal hypertension, bleeding from varicose veins of the stomach and esophagus (36.4%) and edematous ascitic syndrome (63.6%). In addition to viral agents, additional risk factors for liver cancer were identified, such as alcohol abuse, overweight, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. Among the studied variation sites of genes localized on the X-chromosome and encoding the reaction of innate antiviral immunity, no genetic marker was found with a sufficient degree of confidence determining the likelihood of hepatocellular cancer developing. Conclusions. The high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma of the male population in the RS (Y) is due to the widespread prevalence of parenteral viral hepatitis, especially viral hepatitis D. Due to the introduction of mass vaccination of the population against hepatitis B in the Russian Federation in the foreseeable future in the RS (Y) we should see a decrease in the proportion of hepatocellular cancer associated with hepatitis B and D viruses, and therefore the focus should be on the treatment and prevention of hepatitis C virus and non - infectious risk factors.
The aim is the study of the circulation, biological activity, persistent potential and genotypic characteristics of opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae of microbial community of the Lena River which is the one of the largest sources of water in Russia and Siberia. Gram-negative component of microbial community in the Lena River was mainly represented by Enterobacteriaceae (80%), including dominated Escherichia (dominant class) and Enterobacter and Klebsiella (subdominant class). In conditions of anthropogenic pollution there is a reorganization of microbial community of the Lena River in the direction of the increase in the proportion of opportunistic pathogens, their species diversity; there is a change of the biological activity of microorganisms, gains of share of strains characterized by antilysozyme activity, hemolytic activity, production DNase, phosphatase. The parameters of system “lysozyme-antilysozyme” are changing, the frequency of the occurrence of bacteria with antilysozyme activity is increasing. This shows the restructurization of the microbial community of water objects. Microorganisms of water objects in territories of anthropogenic pollution are characterized by multiple antibiotic resistance. The proportion of gram-negative opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae in microbial communities of water ecosystems determines the potential danger of water objects and the impact on the level of antibiotic resistance of bacteria. Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae of microbial community of the Lena River near the city of Yakutsk are characterized by the presence of genetic determinants of pathogenicity (hlyA and sfaG). This is indicative of their potential epidemiological relevance. Microorganisms with high biological activity are markers of their epidemiological danger.
The results of this study include Yersinia pseudotuberculosis CRISPR/Cas system structure analysis. CRISPR/Cas system is a specific adaptive protection against heterogeneous genetic elements. The object of research was the complete genome of Y. pseudotuberculosis IP32953 (NC_006155). CRISPR/Cas system screening was performed by program modelling methods MacSyFinder ver. 1.0.2. CRISPR loci screening and analyzing were carried out by program package: CRISPR Recognition tool (CRT), CRISPI: a CRISPR Interactive database, CRISPRFinder, and PilerCR. Spacer sequences were used in order to find protospacers in ACLAME, GenBank-Phage and RefSeq-Plasmid databases by BLASTn search algorithm. Protospacer sequences could be found in genomes of phages, plasmids and bacteria. In last case complete genomes of bacteria were analyzed by online-tool PHAST: PHAge Search Tool. Y. pseudotuberculosis IP329353 has CRISPR/Cas system that consists of one sequence of cas-genes and three loci. These loci are far away from each other. Locus YP1 is situated in close proximity to cas-genes. Protospacers were found in genomes of Y. pseudotuberculosis PB1/+, Y. intermedia Y228, Y. similis str. 228, Salmonella phage, Enterobacteria phage, Y. pseudotuberculosis IP32953 plasmid pYV and plasmid of Y. pseudotuberculosis IP31758. Thus, the combination of four program methods allows finding CRISPR/Cas system more precisely. Spacer sequences could be used for protospacer screening.
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