Monetary return from cereal grain production is dependent upon numerous variables, including grain yield, market grade factors, and harvest efficiency. The positive effect of seed size on grain yield is well documented. However, the effect of seed size on market grade factors and harvest efficiency has not been reported to the same degree. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relative influence of seed size or test weight of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on grain yield, market grade factors, and harvest efficiency and to determine whether increased seeding rate could compensate for seed quality differences. Research was conducted at Casselton and Prosper, ND, on Bearden silty clay (fine silty, frigid Aeric Calciaquolls) and Perella (fine, silty mixed, frigid Typic Haplaquolls)‐Bearden silty clay loam soils from 1983 to 1985. Grain produced from small‐sized seed averaged 4 and 5% less than that from medium sized seed and 6 and 8% less than that from large‐sized seed in barley and wheat, respectively. Additional attributes of grain harvested from the large‐sized seed plots were advanced maturity, lower seed moisture content, and higher test weight in both crops. Seed lots separated by test weight performed in a similar manner to seed size but results were less definitive. Higher planting rates increased grain yield and reduced grain moisture content in barley and wheat. Barley protein content was reduced with increased planting rates.
Average yields of hard red spring wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L.) are low compared with the intensively managed winter wheat of western Europe. Information on intensive cereal management (ICM) of HRSW is limited in the USA. This study was conducted to investigate the agronomic response of 12 HRSW genotypes to ICM inputs. A randomized complete‐block design in a split‐plot arrangement was used with genotypes as main plots and management systems as subplots. Genotypic selection was based on year of selection from 1911 through 1986. The ICM treatment consisted of imazalil (1‐[2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐2(2‐propenyloxy)ethyl]‐H‐imidazole), seed treatment, foliar N application applied at 55 kg ha−1 in three growth stags and foliar application of ethephon [(2‐chloroethyl)phosphonic acid], and propiconazole [1‐[2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)4‐propyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐ylmethyl]‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole], at growth stage 10 to control lodging and foliar diseases, respectively. The control treatment did not include any ICM inputs. Genotypes responded similarly to management systems regardless of selection year. The ICM treatment decreased (P < 0.05) plant height, lodging, grain yield, protein yield, test weight, kernel weight, foliar diseases, common root rot disease severity and incidence, and delayed heading and maturity when averaged across environments and genotypes. Protein concentration increased, but the increase was too small to positively influence economic value. Grain yield of five genotypes was significantly reduced by ICM inputs. Results from this study indicated that these inputs were not a viable option when employed as a complete package in our northern U.S. environment.
Protein percentage and its relationship with 15 other agronomic characteristics were studied in F5 generation progenies of F4 plants from crosses between Avena sterilis L. Var. Maxima Perez Lara and five A. sativa L. cultivars in an attempt to determine the relationships among factors involved in the improvement of oat quality. Mean percent protein of the progenies was intermediate between their parents. Transgressive segregation was present for both percent protein and yield in four crosses. The possibility of simultaneous improvement of these characteristics is suggested.Simple correlation coefficients indicated percent protein was positively associated (P<.01) with characters typical of A. sterilis. Regression analysis indicated yield had the most influence on percent protein of the characters studied.
Efforts to optimize grain yields in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are often hindered by excessive lodging associated with intensive cereal management systems. The plant growth regulator ethephon [(2‐chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] has been used as an essential component of intensive cereal management systems in Europe to control lodging and maintain high yield potential. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ethephon on four hard red spring wheat cultivars in North Dakota environments. A randomized complete block design in a split plot arrangement with four replicates was used at each of four locations in 1987 and 1988. Main plot treatments consisted of the cultivars Era, Stoa, Len, and Nordic, and split plots were assigned to ethephon and control (no ethephon). Application of ethephon (280 g a.i. ha−1) increased grain yield 5.4% when averaged across environments and cultivars. Generally, ethephon application tended to increase spikes per square meter but had no effect on kernel weight and kernels per spike. Ethephon treatment reduced lodging in 1987. Lodging was absent in 1988. Application of ethephon had a significant positive effect on test weight, but did not influence grain protein concentration and maturity. Economic parameters, net benefit, and marginal rate of return, indicated ethephon could be recommended for cultivars Era, Len, and Stoa, but not for Nordic under environmental conditions similar to those in this study.
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