This paper describes the impact of household activities by gender in areas vulnerable to climatic variability. A multistage sampling technique was applied, using both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire while secondary data was obtained from the Meteorological Department Nairobi, Kenya and Lagos, Nigeria. Data obtained were analysed using frequency distribution, trend analysis, percentage and means. A total of 338 respondents were sampled in Baringo County and 158 respondents in Jigawa State. Trend in rainfall pattern has been unstable and fluctuates by 0.44mm and 19.96mm in Baringo County, Kenya and Jigawa State, Nigeria respectively. Majority of the respondents 94.1 % (Baringo county) and 60.68% (Jigawa State) affirmed that the climate is no longer stable following observed variations in the elements of climate over time. Perception of respondents were in line with the climatic data records. A differential assessment on socially contructed roles of male and female respondents in farming households of Baringo County, Kenya revealed that males are key decision makers in choice of crop/seed to plant (50.6%), livestock keeping/feeding (57.4%), land preparation (52.4%) and coping strategies to adopt for climate variability (57.1%). Similarly, males in Jigawa State, Nigeria took charge, leading decisions on crop/seed to plant (60.7%), livestock keeping/feeding (51.6%), and coping strategies to adopt for climate variability (58.8%) while their females are key decion makers in land preparation activities (57.5%). This implies that female decisions (on agricultural activities and climate variability) in the study areas are secondary.Keywords: Climate variability, Livelihood, Gender, Adaptation/coping strategies
To bring to the fore the aim of this research, effects of fluctuating temperature, was measured against food and nutrition security in the region using food production index, and undernourished population growth rate as proxies; controlled over share of arable land, irrigation, population and labour share for agriculture. Dynamic panel of generalized method of moments (GMM) was adopted, the period 2000 to 2016 were considered and 29 countries in sub-Sahara Africa were selected within the empirical framework of global water balance as mentioned by Rai and Singh (2012). Findings from the study reveals that the short run effect of temperature increase in degrees pose at least -3.1% negative and significant impact effects on the food production while the long run elasticity hits -7.5% and the controlled effect on arable land revealed a positive impact on the food production to the tune of 3.9%. Contrarily, arable land expansion reduces the under nourished population by -8.55%. Population increase on the other hand increases undernourished population in the region to the tune of 11.95%. The study therefore recommended expansion in the arable land and encourages population control policy in order to negate the undesired effects of temperature on food and nutritional security.
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The changing temperature has been identified as a major factor militating against food and nutrition security in sub-Sahara Africa (SSA). The food production index and undernourished population growth index are used as a proxy for food and nutritional security. The study controlled climatic change responses on some agricultural characteristics and factors like the share of arable land, irrigation, population, and labor. The dynamic panel of the generalized method of moments (GMM) was applied to the global water balance empirical framework. The scope of the study is sub-Sahara Africa, drawn from 29 countries from 2000 to 2016. Findings from the study reveal that the short-run effect of temperature degrees increase poses at least -3.1% negative and significant impact on the food production while the long-run elasticity hits -7.5%. The controlled effect on arable land shows a positive impact on food production to the tune of 3.9%. Contrarily, arable land expansion reduces the undernourished population by -8.55%. Population increase, on the other hand, increases the undernourished population in the region to the tune of 11.95%. The study recommends the reservation of more arable land for agricultural practice. At the same time, the population control policy is encouraged to jointly negate the undesired effects of temperature on food and nutritional security timely now that food and nutritional security is the panacea for a standard of living.
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