Introduction. Lack of studies proving or denying passive smoker health risks caused by electronic cigarettes prevented from introducing restrictive measures and considering them to be tobacco products as early as in 2013. Indoor air pollution by consumed nicotine-containing products in extra-low concentrations which could be detected using high-tech lab mass-spectrometry techniques was the object of study. Material and methods. “Unknown composition” air sampling was carried out in the process of simulation tests. Three types of tobacco products were used in the tests: tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine-delivery system (ENDS), battery-powered heat-not-burn tobacco cigarettes (IQOS) with tobacco sticks. “Unknown composition” air samples were analyzed for volatile organic compounds, medium volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (total and separately 16 priority PAHs, inorganic elements (Si, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni). Sampling was carried out three times a day on separate days for each type of product and control, a total of 12 “unknown composition” air samples being collected. The study of “unknown composition” air samples was carried out at the accredited chemical-analytical center “Arbitrazh” of the D.I. Mendeleev Institute of Metrology (accreditation certificate РОСС RU.0001.510650).Results. A total number of 115 chemicals were determined, and among them, substances significant concentrations of which are most likely related to tobacco or nicotine consumption, as compared to control, and depend on the type of nicotine-containing product, were identified. Statistically significant concentration excess (р≤ 0.05), as compared to control, was seen for 27 chemicals in indoor air polluted by-products of consumed tobacco cigarettes; when using electronic nicotine-delivery system (ENDS) the excess (р≤ 0.05) was shown for 2 chemicals, i.e.: acenaphthylene and benz(a)perene, and when using heat-not-burn tobacco products (IQOS) the excess of studied chemical concentrations in comparison with control was not reported.Conclusion. Findings of comparative analysis of “unknown composition” air sampling give evidence that a much larger number of harmful chemicals at significantly exceeded concentrations (р≤ 0.05), including those causing human health risks, is released when smoking cigarettes, as compared to using ENDS or IQOS.
Introduction. Providing sanitary and epidemiological safety for the secure packing production is a mandatory requirement for all manufacturers of food packing materials, no matter if it is in direct contact with foodstuff or not. However, hazardous chemicals can penetrate products from recycled materials, as well as from the moving parts of any packing equipment. Hence, the problem of packing material contamination by mineral oils, which can occur while using recycled materials, printing inks for making inscriptions and pictures, lubricating components of equipment, is of on-going interest. If packing materials are contaminated by mineral oils adverse chemicals can penetrate the foodstuff from the packing. Current packing safety requirements of European and Customs Unions differ in certain issues, in particular, hygienic regulation of mineral oils. Determination and assessment of mineral oil concentration are not regulated by Technical Regulation of the Customs Union 005/2011 “On Packing Safety” (TP TC 005/2011) in contrast to the requirements of European Union regulations which state allowable concentration and safe level of hydrocarbons in packing.Material and Methods. 23 samples of cardboard packing from various manufacturers were studied, 10 of them containing wastepaper, 9 containing cellulose materials, and 4 samples being produced without recycled materials. The level of mineral oil migration into the air or aquatic simulated environments was determined. The studies were carried out at the “Arbitrazh” chemical and analytical Center of the D.I. Mendeleev All-Russian Scientific Research Institute, by gas chromatography using Perkin Elmer Auto System. Supelco standard was used for getting calibration characteristics, i.e.: a mixture of normal structure aliphatic hydrocarbons from C6 to C44, mass parts of certain hydrocarbons being from 1 to 12% of the masses.Results. All studied cardboard packing samples were found to contain mineral oil in the hydrocarbon range of C7-C17. Mineral oil migration levels from 19 cardboard packing samples into simulated air and aquatic environments were determined.Conclusion. Hygienic safety regulation issues of foodstuff cardboard packing are relevant and require further research. It is reasonable to include mineral oils into the list of regulated sanitary-epidemiologic safety indices, and standard values of chemicals releasing from food-contacting packing into the list of monitored indices TP TC 005/2011.
As a result of the industrial purification of hydrocarbons from mercaptans, tens of thousands of tons of dialkyl disulphides and their mixtures, the toxicity and hazard of which has not been fully understood, are accumulated annually. The exposure standards have been developed only for dimethyl disulphide. The study was aimed to define toxicometry parameters for diethyl disulphide, disulphide oil, and the mixture of dialkyl disulphides. Toxicology studies involving male outbred rats made it possible to define the median lethal doses and concentrations: diethyl disulphide — after intragastric injection DL50 = 1575 mg/kg, after the 4-hour inhalation exposure CL50 = 18,700 mg/m3, after intraperitoneal injection DL50 = 1134 mg/kg, and after skin application DL50 ˃ 2500 mg/kg; mixture of dialkyl disulphides — after intragastric injection DL50 = 428 mg/kg, after the 4-hour inhalation exposure CL50 = 4510 mg/m3, after intraperitoneal injection DL50 = 212 mg/kg, and after skin application DL50 ˃ 2500 mg/kg; disulphide oil — after intragastric injection DL50 = 448 mg/kg, after the 4-hour inhalation exposure CL50 = 4534 mg/m3, after intraperitoneal injection DL50 = 156 mg/kg, and after skin application DL50 ˃ 2500 mg/kg. The hazard assessment for dialkyl disulphides and their mixtures was performed.
Introduction. There is a potential risk of harm to kid health when using toys, in particular, there is a possibility of micro-fungi entering the oral cavity of a baby when using bath toys, which may be the cause of mycotic diseases. The study was initiated by the appeal of the Russian TV First Channel to the Institute of Medical Mycology named after P.N. Kashkin, where samples of used bath toys with a black scurf inside were transferred for research and evaluation of their safety. The purpose: to evaluate the safety of the presented samples of baby bath toys after their intended use. Materials and methods. The experimental group was represented by four baby toys for the bath, which were used for their intended purpose, and were operated for several months. As a control, 4 similar toys for the bath were used. The study of the inner surface of the toys of the experimental group was carried out using a Leica DM 4020 light microscope,and sowing scrapings on Sabouraud’s solid nutrient medium. Isolates were determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The inner surface of the toys was also studied by scanning electron microscopy. The fungus resistance of the samples was assessed according to GOST 9.049-91. Results. The study of the inner surface of prototype toys for the bath established the well-developed and “young” biofilms in the black areas of the inner surface. Biconvex spores (2×3 μm) of fungal origin were identified. Inoculation of swabs from the inner surface revealed a massive growth of opportunistic fungi: yeast fungi Candida guilliermondii (Castell.) Langeron & Guerra and Rhodotorula spp.. Studies on the fungus resistance of control samples of toys show that the material is not a nutrient medium for microfungi (neutral or fungistatic). Limitations: a relatively small sample of samples, the use of expensive high-tech equipment, the difficulty of reproducibility of the result. Conclusion. Colonization of the interior surface of toy specimens used in bathing kids with microscopic fungi and bacteria is indicative of a potential risk of harm to infants due to product design, period of use, and possibly materials used. In this regard, it is necessary to review the hygienic safety requirements for the design of bath toys and make appropriate additions to the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union “On the safety of toys” (TR CU 008/2011). Safety can be ensured by the requirement of tightness of the body of toys, as well as a significant reduction in the service life of such products.
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