Children with Class II malocclusion have more backward orientation and smaller volume of the pharyngeal airway than do children with Class I and III malocclusion. Inclination of the oropharyngeal airway might be a key factor in determining the form of the entire pharyngeal airway and is related to head posture.
The roles of graphene in shape memory polyurethane nanocomposite (SMPUN) as a reinforcing filler, as a fixed structure for memorizing a specified original shape, and as a conductive filler to actuate shape recovery by resistive heating, were examined. The effectiveness of each role was modulated by functionalizing graphene with a hydroxyl group through oxidation with H 2 O 2 . The reinforcing effect of graphene and its role as a fixed structure were enhanced by the hydroxyl groups due to the increased grafting of polyurethane chains on graphene during the in situ preparation of SMPUN. However, the oxidation reduced the conductivity of SMPUN, resulting in deterioration of the resistive heating.
In radiation therapy, accurate radiotherapy treatment plan (RTP) reproduction is necessary to optimize the clinical results. Thus, attempts have recently been made to ensure high RTP reproducibility using image-guide radiation therapy (IGRT) technology. However, the clinical use of digital X-ray equipment requires extended quality assurance (QA) for those devices, since the IGRT device quality determines the precision of intensity-modulated radiation therapy. The study described in this paper was focused on developing a multi-energy PbO dosimeter for IGRT device QA. The Schottky-type polycrystalline PbO dosimeter with a Au/PbO/ITO structure was evaluated by comparing its response coincidence, dose linearity, measurement reproducibility, linear attenuation coefficient, and percent depth dose with those of Si diode and standard ionization chamber dosimeters.
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