A novel mesophilic, methylotrophic, methanogenic archaeon, designated strain EK1(T), was enriched and isolated from wetland sediment. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain EK1(T) was affiliated with the genus Methanomethylovorans within the family Methanosarcinaceae, and shared the highest 16S rRNA and methyl-coenzyme M reductase alpha-subunit gene sequence similarity with the type strain of Methanomethylovorans hollandica (98.8 and 92.6 %, respectively). The cells of strain EK1(T) were observed to be Gram-negative, non-motile and irregular cocci that did not lyse in 0.1 % (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate. Methanol, mono-, di- and trimethylamine, dimethyl sulfide and methanethiol were found to be used as catabolic and methanogenic substrates, whereas H2/CO2, formate, 2-propanol and acetate were not. Growth was observed at 25-40 °C (optimum, 37 °C), at pH 5.5-7.5 (optimum, pH 6.0-6.5) and in the presence of 0-0.1 M NaCl (optimum, 0 M). Growth and methane production rates were stimulated in the presence of H2/CO2 although methane production and growth yields were not significantly affected; acetate, formate, 2-propanol and CO/CO2/N2 did not affect methane production. CoCl2 (0.6-2.0 μM) and FeCl2 (25 mg/l) stimulated growth, while yeast extract and peptone did not. The DNA-DNA hybridization experiment revealed a relatedness of <20 % between EK1(T) and the type strains of the genus Methanomethylovorans. The DNA G+C content of strain EK1(T) was determined to be 39.2 mol%. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic study, strain EK1(T) represents a novel species belonging to the genus Methanomethylovorans, for which the name Methanomethylovorans uponensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain EK1(T)(=NBRC 109636(T) = KCTC 4119(T) = JCM 19217(T)).
A Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated CR182 was isolated from freshwater of the Nakdong River, Republic of Korea. Optimal growth conditions for this novel strain were found to be: 25-30 °C, pH 6.5-8.5, and 3% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicates that the strain CR182 belongs to type strains of genus Paucibacter. Strain CR182 showed 98.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Paucibacter oligotrophus CHU3 and formed a robust phylogenetic clade with this species. The average nucleotide identity value between strain CR182 and P. oligotrophus CHU3 was 78.4% and the genome-to-genome distance was 22.2% on average. The genomic DNA G+C content calculated from the genome sequence was 66.3 mol%. Predominant cellular fatty acids of strain CR182 were summed feature 3 (C ω7c and/or C ω6c) (31.2%) and C (16.0%). Its major respiratory quinine was ubiquinone Q-8. Its polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and two unidentified phospholipids. Its genomic DNA G+C content was 66.3%. Based on data obtained from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain CR182 represents a novel species belonging to genus Paucibacter, for which a name of P. aquatile sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CR182 (= KCCM 90284 = NBRC 113032).
A halophilic archaeal strain, designated CBA1105(T), was isolated from non-purified solar salt. Strain CBA1105(T) was found to have three 16S rRNA genes, rrnA, rrnB and rrnC; similarities between the 16S rRNA gene sequences were 99.5-99.7 %. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain CBA1105(T) forms a distinct clade with the strains of the closely related genera, Halorientalis and Halorhabdus, with similarities of 94.2 % and 93.9-94.2 %, respectively. Multilocus sequence analysis confirmed that strain CBA1105(T) is closely related to the genus Halorhabdus or Halorientalis. Growth of the strain was observed in 15-30 % NaCl (w/v; optimum 20 %), at 30-45 °C (optimum 37 °C) and pH 7.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0-0.5 M MgCl2·6H2O (optimum 0.05-0.2 M). The cells of the strain were observed to be Gram-stain negative and pleomorphic with coccoid or ovoid-shape. The cells lysed in distilled water. Tweens 20, 40 and 80 were found to be hydrolysed but starch, casein and gelatine were not. The cells were unable to reduce nitrate under aerobic conditions. Assays for indole formation and urease activity were negative and no growth was observed under anaerobic conditions. Cells were found to be able to utilize L-glutamate, D-glucose, L-maltose, D-mannose and sucrose as sole carbon sources. The polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, unidentified glycolipids and an unidentified phospholipid. The G+C content of strain CBA1105(T) was determined to be 66.0 mol%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggest that the strain represents a novel species of a novel genus within the family Halobacteriaceae, for which the name Halapricum salinum is proposed with CBA1105(T) (= KCTC 4202(T) = JCM 19729(T)) as the type strain.
Flamingoes (Phoenicopterus spp.) whose plumage displays elegant colors, inhabit warm regions close to the ocean throughout the world. The pink or reddish color of their plumage originates from carotenoids ingested from carotenoid-abundant food sources, since flamingoes are unable to synthesize these compounds de novo. In this study, viable red-colored archaeal strains classified as extremely halophilic archaea (i.e., haloarchaea) and belonging to the genera Halococcus and Halogeometricum were isolated from the plumage of flamingoes in captivity. Detailed analysis for haloarchaeal community structure in flamingo feathers based on metagenomic data identified several haloarchaeal genera and unclassified sequences of the class Halobacteria at the genus level. Carotenoid pigment analyses showed that a bacterioruberin precursor carotenoid in haloarchaea was identical to one of the pigments found in flamingo plumage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of viable extremophilic archaea in avian plumage, thus contributing to our understanding of the ecology of haloarchaea. The potential influence of haloarchaea as an environmental factor determining avian plumage coloration should be investigated in further studies.
A halophilic archaeal strain, SA3(T), was isolated from sediment of a solar saltern in Gomso Bay, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain SA3(T) were observed to be coccoid-shaped, to lyse in distilled water, Gram stain-negative and to form red-pigmented colonies. Strain SA3(T) was found to require at least 18 % (w/v) NaCl for growth. Optimal growth was observed at 24 % (w/v) NaCl and 6 % (w/v) MgCl2. The optimum pH and temperature for growth were determined to be pH 7.0 and 40 °C, respectively, while the strain was found to grow within pH and temperature ranges of 5.5-8.0 and 20-45 °C, respectively. The polar lipids were determined to consist of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, unidentified phosphoglycolipids and unidentified phospholipids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain SA3(T) was most closely related to the members of the genus Natronomonas, Natronomonas moolapensis JCM 14361(T) (95.2 %) and Natronomonas pharaonis JCM 8858(T) (95.1 %). The genomic DNA G+C content (61.8 mol%) determined for strain SA3(T) was slightly lower than those of N. moolapensis JCM 14361(T) (63.4 mol%) and N. pharaonis JCM 8858(T) (64.3 mol%). DNA-DNA hybridization values between N. moolapensis JCM 14361(T) and N. pharaonis JCM 8858(T) and strain SA3(T) were <20 %. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, we describe a new species of the genus Natronomonas, represented by strain SA3(T) (=JCM 17867(T) = KCTC 4088(T)), for which we propose the name Natronomonas gomsonensis sp. nov.
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