Physiological activities of hot water (BRW) and 80% ethanol (BRE) extracts from brown rice were investigated in this study. The highest activity (94.9%) of nitrite reductase was observed for BRE at 1 mg/ml at pH 1.2, while the activity for BRW was about 75.4% under the same conditions. The inhibitory effects of BRW and BRE on xanthine oxidase activity were about 39.0 and 72.9% at 10 mg/ml, respectively. The digestibility of starch was lower for brown rice than for milled rice and the highest inhibition (93.1%) of α-glucosidase activity occurred with BRE. Superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities of BRW and BRE were weakly increased in a dose-dependent manner and were about 56.4 and 44.9% at 10 mg/ml, respectively. The influences of BRW and BRE on alcohol metabolizing activity were determined by measuring the generation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Increases in ADH and ALDH activities were only detected with BRE.
This study investigated the protective effect of the Abies holophylla leaf extract on the alcohol metabolism enzyme activity and against H2O2 and ethanol-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. The effect of Abies holophylla leaf extract on alcohol metabolism was determined by measuring the generation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). ADH and ALDH activities of Abies holophylla leaf extract were increased in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05), and were determined to be 155.53% and 130.89% at 1 mg/mL concentration, respectively. Exposure to the Abies holophylla leaf extract resulted in decreased levels of reactive oxygen species production in H2O2 and ethanol-induced HepG2 cells (P<0.05). Moreover, H2O2-induced HepG2 cells treated with the Abies holophylla leaf extract showed reduced expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (P<0.05). Furthermore, Abies holophylla leaf extract treatment significantly decreased the protein expression of Bax in ethanol-induced HepG2 cells (P<0.05). However, the protein expression of Bcl-2 remained unaltered. Treatment with the Abies holophylla leaf extract also reduced the caspase-3 protein expression in H2O2 and ethanol-exposed HepG2 cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that the Abies holophylla leaf extract exerts a cytoprotective effect against H2O2 and ethanol-induced cell damage. We believe that the Abies holophylla leaf extract has the potential to be developed as a natural hepatoprotective agent.
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by decreased bone strength, decreased bone mass, and bone deterioration. The current study investigates the effects of Gloiopeltis furcata ethanol extract (GFE) on antioxidant activity and osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Antioxidant activities of GFE were examined by evaluating 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and total polyphenol content. Results showed that GFE contains 3.04 mg gallic acid equivalents/mL. GFE exhibited significantly strong scavenging activity in the DPPH assay, and 54.26% SOD activity was exhibited at 1,000 mg/mL concentration. Furthermore, GFE significantly increased the viability and proliferation of the MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Exposure to GFE promoted alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralized nodules in MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, a dose-dependent increase in the expression of proteins associated with osteoblast growth and differentiation, such as Runx2, ALP, and osterix, was observed in the GFE-treated cells. Taken together, these results indicate that GFE encompasses both antioxidant potential and osteoblast differentiation properties. Thus, we conclude that GFE can potentially be applied as an alternate therapy for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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