Because antioxidants from natural sources may be an effective approach to the treatment and prevention of UV radiation-induced skin damage, the effects of purified exopolymers from Aureobasidium pullulans SM-2001 ('E-AP-SM2001') were evaluated in UVB-induced hairless mice. E-AP-SM2001 consists of 1.7% b-1,3/1,6-glucan, fibrous polysaccharides and other organic materials, such as amino acids, and mono-and di-unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acids) and shows antiosteoporotic and immunomodulatory effects, through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Hairless mice were treated topically with vehicle, E-AP-SM2001 stock and two and four times diluted solutions once per day for 15 weeks against UVB irradiation (three times per week at 0.18 J/cm 2 ). The following parameters were evaluated in skin samples: myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, cytokine levels [interleukin (IL)-1b and IL-10], endogenous antioxidant content (glutathione, GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide anion production; matrix metalloproteases (MMP-1, -9 and -13), GSH reductase and Nox2 (gp91phox) mRNA levels, and immunoreactivity for nitrotyrosine (NT), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), caspase-3, and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Photoageing was induced by UVB irradiation through ROS-mediated inflammation, which was related to the depletion of endogenous antioxidants, activation of MMPs and keratinocyte apoptosis. Topical treatment with all three doses of E-AP-SM2001 and 5 nM myricetin attenuated the UV-induced depletion of GSH, activation of MMPs, production of IL-1b, the decrease in IL-10 and keratinocyte apoptosis. In this study, E-AP-SM2001 showed potent inhibitory effects against UVB-induced skin photoageing. Thus, E-AP-SM2001 may be useful as a functional ingredient in cosmetics, especially as a protective agent against UVB-induced skin photoageing.The skin is a vital organ, preserving water within the body, preventing infection and protecting against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Skin acts as a physical barrier but also regulates the immune system and produces hormones and neurotransmitters [1,2].UVB radiation from sunlight is a major extrinsic factor in skin ageing [3]. When skin is damaged due to repeated exposure to UV radiation, photoageing occurs in skin tissue, resulting in wrinkled, lax and coarse skin with uneven pigmentation and brown spots [4,5]. UV radiation-induced skin damage is characterized by histological changes, including damage to collagen fibres, excessive deposition of abnormal elastic fibres and increased levels of glycosaminoglycans [4,6]. These alterations were found in the dermal connective tissues of photoaged skin in histological and ultrastructural studies [4,7]. Chronic exposure of the skin to UV radiation, particularly to UVB (290-320 nm), has been shown to induce clinical and histological damage as a result of simultaneous skin destruction and repair [8]. UVB light is absorbed mainly in the epidermis, which consists primarily of keratinocytes [9]. Naturally aged skin is ...
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