Background and Purpose-In contrast to platelet-rich white thrombi, red thrombi in the heart are rich in fibrin and trapped erythrocytes. The magnetic susceptibility effect of deoxygenated hemoglobin in red thrombi may result in hypointense signals on T2*-weighted gradient echo imaging (GRE). We tested the hypothesis that a GRE susceptibility vessel sign (SVS) is specific for cardioembolic stroke. Methods-This retrospective study examined data from acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent diffusion-weighted imaging, GRE and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) within 24 hours of stroke onset and who had symptomatic occlusion of large intracranial arteries in the circle of Willis. Hypointense signals within vascular cisterns on GRE corresponding to symptomatic vascular occlusion were termed "GRE SVS." Recanalization was assessed on follow-up MRA performed within 7 days of onset. The relationships between GRE SVS and stroke subtypes and subsequent recanalization were explored. Results-Of the 95 patients who met the inclusion criteria, GRE SVS was observed in 45 (47.4%). GRE SVS was more commonly associated with cardioembolic stroke patients (31 of

Objective We seek to identify potentially modifiable determinants associated with variability in leptomeningeal collateral status in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods Data are from the Keimyung Stroke Registry. Consecutive patients with M1 segment middle cerebral artery (MCA) ± intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusions on baseline CT-angiography (CTA) from May 2004 to July 2009 were included. Baseline and follow-up imaging was analyzed blinded to all clinical information. Two raters assessed leptomeningeal collaterals on baseline CTA by consensus, using a previously validated regional leptomeningeal score (rLMC). Results Baseline characteristics (n=206) were: mean age 66.9±11.6 years, median baseline NIHSS 14 (IQR 11-20), and median stroke symptom onset to CTA 166 minutes (IQR 96-262), Poor collateral status at baseline (rLMC score 0-10) was seen in 73/206 (35.4%). On univariate analyses, patients with poor collateral status at baseline were older, hypertensive, had higher white blood cell count, blood glucose, D-dimer, serum uric acid levels, and were more likely to have metabolic syndrome. Multivariable modeling identified metabolic syndrome (OR 3.22 95% CI 1.69-6.15, p<0.001), hyperuricemia (per 1 mg/dl OR 1.35 95% CI 1.12-1.62, p<0.01) and older age (per 10 years, OR 1.34 95% CI 1.02-1.77, p=0.03) as independent predictors of poor leptomeningeal collateral status at baseline. Conclusion Metabolic syndrome, hyperuricemia and age are associated with poor leptomeningeal collateral status in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

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Hydrogen (H 2 ) gas is used extensively in many industrial processes and is an essential fuel source in clean-energy transportations and power generation applications 1,2 . However, it is highly flammable and explosive at volume concentrations higher than ca. 4%. Therefore, hydrogen sensors that have high sensitivity, rapid response, and reversibility are required to detect and/or monitor minute hydrogen leakages in industrial applications 3,4 . In general, commercial hydrogen sensors composed of metal oxide (SnO 2 ) films meet these demand but require an operating temperature of over 200 °C, which increases the overall power consumption of the sensing device [5][6][7] . Palladium (Pd) is an attractive candidate to replace metal oxides, because H 2 molecules are selectively adsorbed onto the surface of Pd by dissociation into hydrogen atoms (H 2 → 2H), and diffused into the interstitial sites of Pd structure. As a result, the phase of Pd transfer a solid solution of Pd/H (α -phase) and a palladium hydride (β -phase), resulted in resistance changes at room temperature. However, materials based on Pd is susceptible to structural changes (such as vacancy and dislocation), which are increased during the phase transition of Pd (α to β ) that occurs at hydrogen concentration higher than 2%, causing have been known to collapse during the sensing reaction due to an irreversible phase change [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] . The shape control of metal nanostructure is important factor to enhance the activity and stability 15 . Numerous research have studied to improve the performance by change the nano-sized morphology such as nanocube 16 . Furthermore, the substrate for the introduction of these shape is also play a critical roles due to the improvement of the charge transport and stability of active materials.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Haa1 and War1 transcription factors are involved in cellular adaptation against hydrophilic weak acids and lipophilic weak acids, respectively. However, it is unclear how these transcription factors are differentially activated depending on the identity of the weak acid. Using a field-effect transistor (FET)-type biosensor based on carbon nanofibers, in the present study we demonstrate that Haa1 and War1 directly bind to various weak acid anions with different affinities. Haa1 is most sensitive to acetate, followed by lactate, whereas War1 is most sensitive to benzoate, followed by sorbate, reflecting their differential activation during weak acid stresses. We show that DNA binding by Haa1 is induced in the presence of acetic acid and that the N-terminal Zn-binding domain is essential for this activity. Acetate binds to the N-terminal 150-residue region, and the transcriptional activation domain is located between amino acid residues 230 and 483. Our data suggest that acetate binding converts an inactive Haa1 to the active form, which is capable of DNA binding and transcriptional activation.