This article aims to provide a conceptual foundation for luxury disposition behavior in relation to luxury customer value and switching costs. The results of a study involving 398 luxury consumers in South Korea demonstrate the distinct typologies of luxury customer values and switching costs in cognitive (financial) and emotional (relational) dimensions as well as luxury disposition behavior as four different types. In addition, the conceptual framework on luxury disposition behavior reveals how luxury customers recognize customer value of luxury goods in perceiving switching costs upon disposition, which leads to different choices in disposition behavior. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed for marketers or retailers in luxury fashion industry.

Today's consumers tend to focus on uniqueness and on personal and intangible values when making purchase decisions. Thus, companies undertake such innovative strategies as brand collaborations, especially in the fashion industry where brands collaborate with artists, celebrities or other brands to raise awareness, build relationships and achieve competitive advantage through differentiation. However, researchers have not yet focused specifically on luxury and SPA brands to examine how certain fashion collaboration types affect consumer responses and long-term company-customer relationships. In this study, the authors consider luxury and SPA fashion brand collaboration cases and defines their impacts on consumer response and relationships in terms of customer equity drivers, customer lifetime value and customer loyalty. The paper concludes with several academic and industry-related implications to enable further growth of this profitable and innovative brand strategy.

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Adversarial attacks inject imperceptible noise to images to deteriorate the performance of deep image classification models. However, most of the existing studies consider attacks in the digital (pixel) domain where an image acquired by an image sensor with sampling and quantization is recorded. This paper, for the first time, introduces a scheme for optical adversarial attack, which physically alters the light field information arriving at the image sensor so that the classification model yields misclassification. We modulate the phase of the light in the Fourier domain using a spatial light modulator placed in the photographic system. The operative parameters of the modulator for adversarial attack are obtained by gradient-based optimization to maximize cross-entropy and minimize distortion. Experiments based on both simulation and a real optical system demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed optical attack. We show that our attack can conceal perturbations in the image more effectively than the existing pixel-domain attack. It is also verified that the proposed attack is completely different from common optical aberrations such as spherical aberration, defocus, and astigmatism in terms of both perturbation patterns and classification results.

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