This study aimed to compare the ginsenosides composition of ginseng depending on cultivated region and processing method. Fresh ginseng roots collected from four major regions of Korea were processed using either air‐drying or steaming, and subsequent air‐drying. Five ginsenosides including Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc and Rb2 were the major forms in fresh ginseng, whereas Rb1 and Rg1 were abundant in processed ginsengs. The contents of total ginsenoside decreased with thermal processing and also showed a regional difference between processed ginsengs, whereas fresh ginseng had a regional variation only in Rg1. Unlike another ginsenosides decreased by processing, Rb1 increased with thermal processing. Ginsengs with relatively much higher content of Rc in fresh ginseng had a significant loss by air‐drying and had about five times higher content of Rg3 than that of fresh ginseng. This indicates that Rc was transformed into Rg3 during air‐drying. Practical Applications Korean ginseng used as a traditional medicine because of various beneficial effects is thermally processed to improve its efficacy. Ginsenoside is an interesting bioactive compound found in ginseng. Processing methods, air‐drying or steaming, and subsequent air‐drying, changed ginsenosides qualitatively and quantitatively. These results suggest that processing conditions should be carefully employed to enhance or retain the pharmaceutical effects of ginseng products.
A novel Gram-staining-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated DCY78 T , was isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Yeon-cheon province (386 049 000 N 1266 579 000 E), Republic of Korea. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DCY78 T belonged to the genus Epilithonimonas and was most closely related to Epilithonimonas lactis DSM 19921 T (98.5 % sequence similarity) and Epilithonimonas tenax DSM 16811 T (97.8 %). Growth occurred at 10-30 6C with an optimum temperature of 28 6C. The pH range for growth was pH 5.5-8.0. The major polar lipids were found to be phosphatidylethanolamine three unidentified amino lipids and one unidentified polar lipid. The only predominant quinone was MK-6. The major polyamines were sym-homospermidine and spermidine. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C 16 : 1 v6c and/or C 16 : 1 v7c), iso-C 15 : 0 and iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH. The DNA G+C content was 37.9 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic and genotypic analysis, the isolate is classified as representative of a novel species in the genus Epilithonimonas, for which the name Epilithonimonas ginsengisoli is proposed. The type strain is DCY78 T (5KCTC 32174 T 5JCM 19896 T ).
Strain DCY56T was isolated from a soil sample taken from a ginseng field. The strain was Gramreaction positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, aerobic and non-motile. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, indicated that strain DCY56 T belonged to the genus Microbacterium. The closest relatives were Microbacterium azadirachtae AI-S262T , Microbacterium aerolatum V-73T and Microbacterium phyllosphaerae DSM 13468 T (98.0 %, 98.0 % and 97.5 % gene sequence similarity, respectively). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain DCY56 T was 68.5 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain DCY56 T and the most closely related type strains were lower than 36 %. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified glycolipid. The predominant fatty acids contained iso-C 16 : 0 , anteiso-C 15 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 . The menaquinones were MK-12 and MK-13. The diagnostic diamino acid of strain DCY56 T was ornithine. The dominant whole-cell sugars were glucose, rhamnose and ribose. The results of the genotypic analysis, in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data, demonstrate that strain DCY56 T represents a novel species within the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium panaciterrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DCY56 T (5KCTC 19884 T 5JCM 17839 T ).The genus Microbacterium was proposed by Orla-Jensen (1919) and emended by Collins et al. (1983) and by Takeuchi & Hatano (1998a). At the time of writing, the genus Microbacterium consists of 84 species (http://www. bacterio.net/microbacterium.html) with validly published names, with Microbacterium lacticum as the type species (Orla-Jensen, 1919). Members of the genus Microbacterium are short-rods, which are generally aerobic and catalasepositive. Major chemotaxonomic features of the genus Microbacterium are the presence of L-lysine or D-ornithine, and galactose and rhamnose in the cell-wall peptidoglycan and sugars, respectively. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and glycolipids (GL). In this study, we describe a novel strain belonging to the genus Microbacterium, designated DCY56 T . Strain DCY56 T has been classified and characterized according to the Minimal Standards provided by Schumann et al. (2009).A soil sample on the surface of ginseng roots cultivated in Chungnam province, Republic of Korea, was collected and suspended in sterile water, followed by serial dilutions in 0.85 % (w/v) NaCl and spreading onto one-fifth-strength R2A medium (MB cell). After culture at 30 uC for 7 days, single colonies were chosen for purification and sent for 16S rRNA sequencing. Strain DCY56T was found to form white, smooth and circular colonies. Strain DCY56T was routinely cultured on R2A agar at 30 u C and maintained in suspensions of R2A broth containing 25 % (v/v) glycerol at 270 u C.Cell morphology was observed with a Nikon light microscope (10006magnification) and transmission electron microscopy (Carl Zeiss, L...
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