Impedance spectroscopy in the radio frequency range from 100 MHz to 20 GHz can reveal the dielectric relaxations of biological and chemical solutions. S-parameters for a coplanar waveguide are derived. To perform these measurements, a coplanar waveguide device was fabricated on a conventional FR-4 substrate for fluid interrogation. The microfluidic channel was formed by milling conventional waveguides and laser-cutting channels in the dielectric substrate. Measurements using this device were performed on standards: deionized water, isopropyl alcohol, and air. These measurements were compared to those taken with a conventional dielectric probe. The results demonstrate the ability of the fabricated device to extract varying transmission parameters due to changing sample properties.
The Steiner problem involves finding a shortest path network connecting a specified set of points. In this paper, we examine the Steiner problem for three points on the surface of a regular tetrahedron. We prove several important properties about Steiner minimal trees on a regular tetrahedron. There are infinitely many ways to connect three points on a tetrahedron, so we present a way to eliminate all but a finite number of possible solutions. We provide an algorithm for finding a shortest network connecting three given points on a regular tetrahedron. The solution can be found by direct measurement of the remaining possible Steiner trees.
Factorized backprojection is a processing algorithm for reconstructing images from data collected by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems. Factorized backprojection requires less computation than conventional time-domain backprojection with minimal loss in accuracy for straight-line motion. However, its implementation is not as straightforward as direct backprojection. This paper provides a new, easily parallelizable formulation of factorized backprojection designed for stripmap SAR data that includes a method of implementing an azimuth window as part of the factorized backprojection algorithm. We compare the performance of windowed factorized backprojection to direct backprojection for simulated and actual SAR data.
2. GALLAGER'S LEMMA Two iterative decoding algorithms, which are alternatives to belief Gallager's lemma is used in the development of the BP decoder propagation (BP) decoding LDPC codes, are introduced in this paand iS also an important component here.
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