Following the recent remarkable successes of crowdsourcing, there have been attempts to apply it to design. However a design problem is often too complex and difficult to break down into simpler, distributable tasks as required by the conventional crowdsourcing model. In this paper, we present Crowd vs. Crowd (CvC), a novel design crowdsourcing method, where several design teams made up of designers and crowd compete with each other. In each team, a designer coordinates effective communication between the crowd members and takes responsibility for the final design output, and the crowd contributes at different stages of design. We conducted an initial evaluation of CvC in comparison with other collaborative design methods, and found that: CvC can attract more people to participate; the crowd can make useful contribution in CvC; CvC can produce competent design outputs. We then applied CvC to two real-life design problems: first, designing a new logo for a university department; second, for a small tech company. With quantitative and qualitative analyses on these applications, we observed that the elements of competition and collaboration helped to sustain the crowd's motivation to participate, and to produce quality design outcomes with higher level of satisfaction for the stakeholders.
Figure 1: Problems of direct pen input: (a) pen occlusion that covers portions of drawing, (b) visual parallax between a physical pen tip and mouse cursor due to display glass thickness, and (c) hidden pen information such as pen type, color, and thickness, which is not intuitively perceived on the digital canvas. PhantomPen solves these problems by replacing the physical pen head with a virtual pen displayed as if connected to the pen barrel from the user's perspective (d), while an actual pen tip, hidden by the pen barrel, delivers tactile feedback (e). ABSTRACTWe present PhantomPen, a direct pen input device whose pen head is virtualized onto the tablet display surface and visually connected to a graspable pen barrel in order to achieve digital drawing free from pen occlusion and visual parallax. As the pen barrel approaches the display, the virtual pen head smoothly appears as if the rendered virtual pen head and the physical pen barrel are in unity. The virtual pen head provides visual feedback by changing its virtual form according to pen type, color, and thickness while the physical pen tip, hidden in the user's sight, provides tactile feedback. Three experiments were carefully designed based on an analysis of drawings by design professionals and observations of design drawing classes.With these experiments that simulate natural drawing we proved significant performance advantages of Phan-tomPen. PhantomPen was at least as usable as the normal stylus in basic line drawing, and was 17 % faster in focus region drawing (26 % faster in extreme focus region drawing). PhantomPen also reduced error rate by 40 % in a typical drawing setup where users have to manage a complex combination of pen and stroke properties.
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