This paper introduces a device for enhancing tactile perception of surface undulation. This device, which we call a "tactile contact lens," is composed of a sheet and numerous pins arranged on one side of the sheet. Our experimental results show that a small bump on a surface can be detected more accurately through this device than by bare finger and than through a flat sheet. A mathematical analysis of this phenomenon suggests two causes of this phenomenon. One cause is a lever-like behavior of the pins, which converts the local inclination of the object surface into the tangential displacement on the skin surface. The second cause is the spatial aliasing effect resulting from the discrete contact, by which the temporal change in the skin surface displacement is efficiently transduced into the temporal change in the skin tissue strain. The result of the analysis is discussed in relation to other sensitivity-enhancing materials, tactile sensing mechanisms, and tactile/haptic display devices.
To investigate the influence of orthorhombic-based perovskite structures on oxygen permeation, this study focused on (Sm, Ca)-FeO 3 . The (Sm 1¹x Ca x )FeO 3 (x = 0.20, 025, 0.30) samples were prepared using a conventional solid-state reaction method. The relative density of the prepared samples was larger than 95%. All the prepared samples were orthorhombic perovskites with space groups of Pbnm. The lattice volume decreased with increases in the Ca content. The tilt angles of the FeO 6 octahedral decreased with increases in the Ca content. The oxygen permeation flux J O2 values increased and the activation energy E J for the J O2 decreased with increases in the Ca content. The total conductivity · t value of the x = 0.25 sample was highest among the three different Ca content samples, suggesting that the oxygen vacancy formation energy decreases with increases in the Ca content from x = 0.20 to 0.30. Based on the investigation results, we assume that lower oxygen vacancy formation energy with doping with Ca ions is an important factor in improving oxygen permeation as well as ion conductive properties in the (Sm 1¹x Ca x )FeO 3 .
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