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Newly developed simultaneous scanning photocurrent and luminescence microscopy was applied to ruthenium-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) comprising a cover glass photoanode with a 100 nm thick TiO2 layer. Using this, we have investigated the lateral variations of several parameters of these DSCs under short-circuit conditions. Simultaneous measurement of photocurrent and luminescence images for the same area of the DSC demonstrated submicrometric lateral resolution of our photocurrent microscopy, which is approximately 10 times better than the resolution of photocurrent microscopy used in past studies. The photovoltaic parameters, such as short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, and charge-collection efficiency, were thus evaluated for local (or submicrometric) regions of the DSCs. Furthermore, the photocurrent saturation behavior of the DSCs was examined as a function of the excitation rate and analyzed on the basis of a three-state kinetic model. This protocol allowed for quantification of the dye-adsorption number and dye-regeneration rate constant for any local area of the DSCs. Consequently, the correlations between the dye adsorption number, photovoltaic parameters, and regeneration rate constant, which are difficult to address through examination of the entire cell, were revealed by the "zoom-in" approach utilizing this high-resolution photocurrent microscopy.

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Herein, we report the enantiospecific synthesis of two artificial glutamate analogs designed based on IKM-159, an antagonist selective to the AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptor. The synthesis features the chiral resolution of the carboxylic acid intermediate by the esterification with ʟ-menthol, followed by a configurational analysis by NMR, conformational calculation, and X-ray crystallography. A mice in vivo assay showed that (2R)-MC-27, with a six-membered oxacycle, is neuroactive, whereas the (2S)-counterpart is inactive. It was also found that TKM-38, with an eight-membered azacycle, is neuronally inactive, showing that the activity is controlled by the ring C.