The catalysts that can efficiently hydro-reform higher n-paraffin to lower isoparaffins for environmentally friendly gasoline were studied. The catalysts were examined by the conversion of n-hexadecane, n-C 16 H 34 to i-C 6 H 14~i -C 12 H 26 . The tri-modally nanoporous (nanometer-size) catalysts composed of (Ni-Mo)/[γ-Al 2 O 3 ], nano-oxide, and nanocrystalline zeolite have some active and selective performances because of the cooperation between (Ni-Mo)/[γ-Al 2 O 3 ] and the composite of nano-oxide-nanozeolite. The (Ni-Mo)/[γ-Al 2 O 3 ] component holding the skeletal isomerization activity enhances the cracking activity on the composite of nanoporous (np)-Al 2 O 3 -USY (ultra-stable Y-type zeolite) to result in i-C 6 H 14~i -C 12 H 26 as the isomerization of n-hexadecane followed the cracking reaction. The catalyst composed of nanocrystalline BEA (beta-type zeolite) or MFI (ZSM-5-type zeolite) zeolite can be more activated with the nano-SiO 2 than with the nano-Al 2 O 3 . The catalyst composed of the dealuminated zeolite, USY (SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 = 12) cannot be activated with the nano-SiO 2 but with the nano-Al 2 O 3 . This activation depends on the SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratio of the USY.It is considered that the catalytic property of the three components is partially due to the novel active sites formed concertedly at the interface of the nano-oxides and the nanozeolites. The novel sites have a major role for the isomerization and cracking as the moderate and strong acids and are generated when Si-OH in the nanopores of the USY resulted from the dealumination catches Al-OH in the nano-Al 2 O 3 to form Si-O-Al-O-Al-O-Si instead of Si-O-Al-O-Si-O-Si-O.
The high-temperature cycling performance of lithium-ion batteries containing a new series of ionic liquids based on an aliphatic quaternary ammonium cation and a bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide anion were investigated, by conducting charge-discharge cycling tests of graphite / LiFePO4 cells. The new series of ionic liquids were 1,3-dimethyl-1-propylpiperidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (3mPP13-FSA) and 7-methyl-5-azoniaspiro[4,5]decane bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (7mAS45-FSA), which were obtained by introducing methyl groups to known compounds. The relationship between a change in electronic structure and reduction stability was researched. Introducing methyl group improved reduction stability as electron-donating ability. Further, melting points were lowered owing to the asymmetric structures of the cations. The electrochemical properties of these ionic liquids were evaluated by linear sweep voltammetry. The cycle performance of graphite/LiFePO4 cells containing these ionic liquids for the electrolytes was improved compared with that of cells containing organic electrolytes based on LiPF6/ECDEC, and the capacity retention ratios were more than 50% at the 500th cycle at 60°C.
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