Abbreviations: CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; J chain, joining chain; SIgA, secretory IgA; Stx1, Shiga toxin 1; Stx1B, B subunit of Stx1.Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) is a virulence factor of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains such as O157:H7 and Shigella dysenteriae. To prevent entry of Stx1 from the mucosal surface, an immunoglobulin A (IgA) specific for Stx1 would be useful. Due to the difficulty of producing IgA monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the binding subunit of Stx1 (Stx1B) in mice, we took advantage of recombinant technology that combines the heavy chain variable region from Stx1B-specific IgG1 mAb and the Fc region from IgA. The resulting hybrid IgG/IgA was stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells as a dimeric hybrid IgG/IgA. We separated the dimeric hybrid IgG/IgA from the monomeric one by sizeexclusion chromatography. The dimer fraction, confirmed by immunoblot analyses, was used for toxin neutralization assays. The dimeric IgG/IgA was shown to neutralize Stx1 toxicity toward Vero cells by assaying their viability. To compare the relative effectiveness of the dimeric hybrid IgG/IgA and parental IgG1 mAb, Stx1-induced apoptosis was examined using 2 different cell lines, Ramos and Vero cells. The hybrid IgG/IgA inhibited apoptosis more efficiently than the parental IgG1 mAb in both cases. The results indicated that the use of high affinity binding sites as variable regions of IgA would increase the utility of IgA specific for virulence factors.
Previously, the authors used the lees of shochu, which is a Japanese distilled alcoholic beverage, as a medium to grow two mushroom species (Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatus) and produced mushrooms with a higher yield and higher value than conventional products at a low cost. However, during the mass-production of the mushrooms on the shochu-lee medium, the viscosity of the medium increased with the water content, making bottling of the medium using a conventional bottling machine difficult. In addition, it was necessary to develop a method for using the used shochu-lee medium to establish a local recycling system for shochu lees. In this study, the shochu-lee medium had a lower water content (58%) than that of the conventional medium (65%). In order to adjust the water content, a hole-making machine was developed to inject water (moisture). Next, a fermented total mixed rations (TMR) preparation was made from the waste medium and was evaluated in digestion and feeding experiments on sheep. The digestion rate was slightly lower in the waste medium group than in the control group. However, no significant differences in TDN and dry matter intake were found between the two groups. Therefore, fermented TMR with a waste medium content of 5-10% could be used to supplement sheep feed.
In this paper, we investigate recovery processing for stream processing systems with high availability in local area networks (LANs) in which not so many resources are available. We focus on a simple high availability distributed stream processing system model where each processing node in a query network has a backup node. We discuss pros and cons of several approaches to recovery processing from single-node failstop failures in the system model running in LANs with limited resources. In particular, we compare the approaches in terms of suitability to LANs, recovery cost and throughput. Some results of simulation in which recovery approaches were compared in terms of recovery cost and throughput are shown.
We present a replication-based and self-recoverybased approach, replica backup, that realizes both continuous and highly-available data stream processing over local area networks. In our approach, we use process-pairs mechanism in which peer operators run in parallel and independently so that each downstream operator can use whichever data arrives first. To further realize continuously stable communication among operators and improve the robustness of system, we devise automatical recovery mechanism that overcomes the limitation of one-off recovery mechanism. In this paper, we first outline the basic design and framework associating with our self-recovery technique. Next, we develop central leader election algorithm (CLEA) that can choose a new operator according with the placement of candidates. This operator placement algorithm that directly measures the latency among operators aims to balance the cost of data stream processing and latency guarantee. Finally, we compare our replica backup method with previous highavailable technique through experiments on network simulator ns-3 to demonstrate the utility of our work.
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