Highlights d Sec22b is ubiquitinated upon Legionella infection in a T4SSdependent manner d Legionella deubiquitinase LotB deconjugates K63-linked ubiquitins from Sec22b d LotB stimulates dissociation of syntaxin 3 from the Legionella-containing vacuole d Ectopically expressed LotB interacts with COPI and inhibits the early secretory pathway

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals and are transmitted among the environment, wildlife, livestock, and humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of NTM in wildlife. In total, 178 samples of feces ( n=131) and tissues ( n=47) were collected from 11 wildlife species in Gifu Prefecture and Mie Prefecture, Japan, between June 2016 and October 2018. We isolated NTM from 15.3% (20/131) of fecal samples using Ogawa medium, and isolates were identified by sequencing the rpoB and hsp65 genes. The rpoB sequences were compared with those from other strains of human and environmental origin. The NTM isolates were obtained from sika deer ( Cervus nippon), wild boar ( Sus scrofa), Japanese monkey ( Macaca fuscata), raccoon dog ( Nyctereutes procyonoides), masked palm civet ( Paguma larvata), and Japanese weasel ( Mustela itatsi) and were classified as rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) and slowly growing mycobacteria (SGM). The 12 RGM identified were Mycolicibacterium peregrinum ( n=5), Mycolicibacterium fortuitum ( n=3), Mycolicibacterium septicum ( n=3), and Mycolicibacterium thermoresistibile ( n=1), and the eight SGM were Mycobacterium paraense ( n=4), Mycolicibacter arupensis ( n=2), Mycolicibacter virginiensis ( n=1), and Mycobacterium nebraskense ( n=1). The NTM from wildlife showed ≥99% similarity with strains from different sources including humans. The RGM were susceptible to the antimicrobial agents tested except for M. fortuitum, which was resistant to azithromycin and clarithromycin. The SGM showed multiple drug resistance qualities but were susceptible to amikacin, clarithromycin, and rifabutin. These results indicate that wildlife may be reservoir hosts of NTM in Japan. The presence of antimicrobial-resistant NTM in wildlife suggests that the trends of NTM antimicrobial susceptibility in wildlife should be monitored.