This longitudinal study shows that sperm DNA fragmentation is a parameter with good stability (repeatability) over time; it can be taken as a baseline both in healthy fertile men and in patients from infertility couples.
The treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has evolved tremendously over the past decades. Localized disease is often curative with surgical resection of the malignancy. However, in cases where the primary tumor has metastasized, immunotherapy is becoming a more prevalent means to combat metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Cytokine and checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy have been demonstrated to stimulate the immune response through a number of different mechanisms. These drugs have been used as a monotherapy, combination therapy, or as successive treatments to systemic therapies. This review summarizes the success of previous and current therapeutic targets, while also leading to the direction of future therapies. This review might be helpful in improving the management of mRCC.Renal cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the kidney, comprising 2-3% of all cancers in adults, and the seventh leading cause of cancer in men and ninth in women (1). At the time of diagnosis, it is estimated that 25% of patients will have a metastatic disease; anywhere from 20% to 50% will develop metastatic disease after surgical intervention and will require systemic therapy (2). Immunotherapy is an increasingly popular and studied treatment modality that utilizes the body's own immune system to combat metastatic cancer. Advancements in biotechnology and knowledge of molecular targets have expanded the arsenal available to urologists to treat metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).
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