Vector control using treated nets and recently industrially long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) have played a vital role in malaria control globally. The emergence of insecticides resistance among malaria vector against pyrethroids has raised a concern over achieved a milestone. Different insecticides resistance mechanisms have evolved against pyrethroids. This has given mosquitoes an opportunity to increase survivor fitness. The incorporation of synegistic effect of Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) in LLINs has shown a significant impact in areas with pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors than LLIN without PBO. LLINs with PBO for management of resistance can revive pyrethroid strength against resistant malaria vectors. There is a necessity for National malaria control and other NGOs in Africa distributing LLINs to distribute nets with pyrethroids and PBO.
Personal protection tools are of paramount importance for the control of residual malaria transmission in both urban and rural settings. The current study evaluated the repellant efficacy of Tabard lotion and Tabard spray against a standard DEET (N,. Bioassays were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Tabard lotion, Tabard spray and DEET against Anopheles gambiae s.s. in the laboratory and in field situations. Field evaluations were carried out from 1800 h to 0300 h. Protection efficiency of above 90% was achieved for Tabard (both spray and lotion) and DEET while the feeding inhibition was not found to be statistically different, but decreased for both after 8 hours of application from 100% to 60.98% in spray and 98.81% to 91.99% in lotion. Probing inhibition of the two repellants decreased with time. No any adverse side effect was reported from the field and laboratory participants who applied the evaluated products in their skin. The findings of this study have proved to be protective for 8 from anopheles mosquitoes bites.
Malaria cases management and treatment need to have accurate and reliable diagnostic tools. Thus the present study evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the test against expert microscopy in febrile under-five children in Sengerema District, north-western Tanzania. A finger prick blood sample was obtained from each child, and thin and thick blood smears were prepared, stained with 10% Giemsa and examined under the light microscope and ClearView Malaria Dual rapid test. A total of 232 children were included in the study. Of these, 29 (12.50%, 95%CI, 8.20-16.8) children had a positive malaria microscopy and 44 (18.97%, 95%CI, 13.9-23.9) were positive in the rapid diagnostic test. The sensitivity of the rapid diagnostic test increased with increasing P. falciparum geometric mean parasite density from 46.43% (95%CI, 39.72-53.1) at <200 parasites/μL to 93.75% (95%CI,.01) at ≥ 200 parasites/μL. ClearView Malaria Dual rapid test is highly specific and its sensitivity increases with increase in parasite density. The test could be used in holoendemic areas but its use in areas with low malaria transmission needs further evaluation.
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