Using next-generation sequencing, we conducted a genome-wide scan of selective sweeps associated with selection toward genetic improvement in Thoroughbreds. We investigated potential phenotypic consequence of putative candidate loci by candidate gene association mapping for the finishing time in 240 Thoroughbred horses. We found a significant association with the trait for Ral GApase alpha 2 (RALGAP2) that regulates a variety of cellular processes of signal trafficking. Neighboring genes around RALGAP2 included insulinoma-associated 1 (INSM1), pallid (PLDN), and Ras and Rab interactor 2 (RIN2) genes have similar roles in signal trafficking, suggesting that a co-evolving gene cluster located on the chromosome 22 is under strong artificial selection in racehorses.
This study examined polymorphisms of the secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) gene and its association with growth and carcass traits in the F(2) population of the crossbred Landrace × Jeju (Korea) Black pig. The authors detected the presence/absence polymorphisms of short interspersed nuclear element in the SPP1 intron 6 of the population; they then designated the longer fragment as allele A and the shorter one as allele B. The SPP1 A/B heterozygous pigs evidenced significantly heavier body weight at birth and on days 21 and 70, and a higher level of average daily gain during the early developmental period than was seen in the A/A and B/B homozygous pigs (P < 0.05). Further, the SPP1 A/B heterozygous pigs evidenced significantly greater body length, less backfat thickness measured at three different sites, and larger loin muscle area than the homozygotes (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the levels of late average daily gain, 140th-day body weight, and marbling score were not significantly associated (P > 0.05). The results of this study reveal faster growth rate and differences in pig productivity according to genotypes of the SPP1 gene. These findings demonstrate that SPP1 genotypes may effectively function as molecular genetic markers for the improvement of Jeju Black pig-related crossbreeding systems.
Genetic polymorphisms in the glycogen debrancher enzyme (AGL) gene were assessed with regard to their association with growth and carcass traits in the F2 population crossbred Landrace and Jeju (Korea) Black pig. Three genotypes representing the insertion and/or deletion (indel) polymorphisms of short interspersed nuclear element were detected at frequencies of 0.278 (L/L), 0.479 (L/S), and 0.243 (S/S), respectively. The AGL S allele-containing pigs evidenced significantly heavier body weights at birth, the 3rd week, 10th week, and 20th week during developmental stages and higher average daily gains during the late period than were noted in the L/L homozygous pigs (P < 0.05), respectively. However, average daily gains during the early period were not significantly associated with genotype distribution (P > 0.05). With regard to the carcass traits, the S allele pigs (S/-) evidenced significantly heavier carcass weights and thicker backfat than was measured in L/L homozygous pigs (P < 0.05). However, body lengths, meat color, and marbling scores were all found not to be statistically significant (P > 0.05). Consequently, the faster growth rate during the late period and backfat deposition rather than intramuscular fat deposition cause differences in pig productivity according to genotypes of the AGL gene. These findings indicate that the AGL genotypes may prove to be useful genetic markers for the improvement of Jeju Black pig-related crossbreeding systems.
Genetic polymorphisms was investigated at five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) sites in four porcine genes (ADCYAP1R1, FABP3, MC4R, and MYL2) and analyzed their statistical association with growth traits in F2 reciprocal-crossbred population between Landrace and Jeju native black pig (JNP). All populations, JNP, Landrace and their F2 were polymorphic for all five SNP loci tested, however, the homozygote T/T of FABP3 g.-158T>C and the homozygote G/G of ADCYAP1R1 intron 2 337A>G were not found in JNP and Landrace, respectively. The genotypes of ADCYAP1R1 were significantly associated with body weights (BW) at 3 weeks and at 20 weeks (P<0.05), respectivley, those of FABP3 g.-135delT were associated with late average daily gain (LADG) (P<0.01), and those of FABP3 g.-158T>G were associated with body weights during late growth period such as, BW20 and LADG (P<0.01). Those of MC4R were also significantly associated with BW10 suggesting by the difference of early average daily gain (EADG) (P<0.05), and with LADG (P<0.01). The body length of F2 animals was affected by the genotypes of ADCYAP1R1, MC4R, and MYL2 (P<0.05), respectively. Among these, MC4R A/A homozygotes showed over 3 cm longer in body length than those of other genotypes. As the useful basic information, these results suggested that SNP markers showing statistical association with growth traits and the results help to select the sires of JNP for improving the productivity in JNP-related crossbreeding system in pig industry and also to construct the molecular breeding system for breed improvement of JNP itself.
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