In wireless communications, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of modulating multicarrier signals to transmit high speed data. OFDM systems use multiple subcarriers to transmit the modulated symbols. There is a high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) in OFDM. PAPR can be reduced by using various methods. Different PAPR minimization techniques, like clipping, selective mapping (SLM) and partial transmit sequence (PTS) are presented in this project. This paper also focuses on Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) relative performance. A significant reduction in the PAPR and computational complexity can be seen from the results. The purpose of this study is to compare the results of an analysis recommended for PAPR reduction methods.
This study presents the effect of super absorbent polymer (SAP) as internal curing agent on workability, durability and compressive strength of self-consolidating concrete (SCC). In order to estimate the internal curing efficiency of SAP in different curing conditions and curing ages, compressive strength and electrical resistivity tests have been performed. Homogenous and denser microstructure was formed by gradual release of water from SAP into pores created by SAP. Further pozzolanic reaction of fly ash has enhanced the strength and durability properties. High desorption rate of water from SAP in air curing condition resulted in an increased electrical resistivity and compressive strength. Compressive strength of internal cured SCC mixtures increased to 15-25% at 7 days and 10-19% at 28 days. Electrical resistivity values were increased 11-30% in water curing condition and 16-53% in air curing condition. The costs for 0.35w/b and 0.40 w/b at optimum internal cured SCC mixtures compared to control SCC mixtures were reduced to 9.39 and 9.70%, respectively.
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