The study aimed to determine the effect of fumaric and maleic acids on the ensiling process. The corn herbage was ensiled without additives (control silage) or with 0.25% fumaric acid (FA25), 0.50% fumaric acid (FA50), 0.25% maleic acid (MA25), 0.50% maleic acid (MA50), FA25 + MA25 (FA25MA25) and FA50 + MA50 (FA50MA50) (treatment silages) as wet basis. The starch contents of FA50 and MA50 silages were lower than the content of the control silage (p < .05). The lactic acid content of the FA50MA50 silage was lower than that of the control silage (p < .05). Percentages of linoleic acid of MA25 and MA50 silages were higher than that of the FA50 silage (p < .05). The in vitro methane production and metabolic energy (ME) value of FA50MA50 silage was lower than that of the control silage (p < .05). The in vitro organic matter digestion (OMD) values of FA25, MA25 and FA50MA50 silages were lower than that of control silage (p < .05). The molarities of acetic (AA), propionic (PA), butyric (BA), isovaleric (IVA), isobutyric (IBA) and total volatile fatty (TVFA) acids of the in vitro ruminal fermentation fluid for the FA50MA50 silage were lower than that of the control silage (p < .05). As a result, the addition of fumaric and maleic acids (0.25% alone and together, or 0.5% alone) in ensiling of corn herbage did not change the quality, acidity (except for propionic, butyric and isobutyric acids) and nutrient contents (except for non-fiber carbohydrates and starch) and in vitro ruminal fermentation values (gas-methane production and organic acids).The combined use of 0.5% fumaric plus 0.5% maleic acid harmed silage quality and in vitro ruminal fermentation values. However, 0.5% maleic acid was partially more effective than those other organic acid additions in preserving linoleic and α-linolenic acids in the silage material.
tarafından 10802 kodlu proje olarak desteklenmiştir. ÖZBu çalışmada Sivas yöresinde hayvancılık faaliyeti gösteren besi sığırı işletmelerinin kullandıkları karma yem ve arpa örneklerinde okratoksin A' nın varlığı ve miktarı araştırıldı. Bu araştırmaya esas olarak, aralık, şubat ve nisan aylarında işletmelerden 39' ar adet karma yem, 32' şer adet arpa örnekleri alınarak, okratoksin A analizleri spektrofotometrik yöntemle, test kitinde belirtilen protokollere uyularak tespit edildi. Karma yemlerde okratoksin A düzeyleri, aralık, şubat ve nisan olmak üzere dönemlere göre sırasıyla ortalama 0.025, 0.024 ve 0.024 ppm olarak belirlendi. Ortalama okratoksin A düzeyleri arasında aylara göre anlamlı bir farklılık belirlenemedi. Arpada ise aralık, şubat ve nisan olmak üzere dönemlere göre sırasıyla ortalama okratoksin A düzeyleri 0.022, 0.020 ve 0.021 ppm olarak belirlendi. Dönemler arasında önemli bir fark bulunamadı. Karma yemlerdeki okratoksin A düzeyleri aynı dönemdeki arpa okratoksin A düzeylerinden aralık, şubat ve nisan aylarında daha yüksek olup, anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edildi.Sivas ili besi çiftliklerinde kullanılan karma yem ve arpa numunelerinde belli bir düzeyde okratoksin A tespit edildi. İnsan ve hayvan sağlığı açısından yem ve yem ham maddelerinin üretim ve tüketime kadar her aşamada uygun şartların sağlanmasının zaruri olduğuna kanaat edildi.Anahtar Kelimeler: Arpa,Spektrofotometrik Metot,Okratoksin A,Yem Determination of Ochratoxin A Levels in Feeds of Beef Cattle From Some Livestock Enterprises in Sivas ABSTRACTIn this study, presence and amount of ochratoxin A were researched in mixed feed and barley samples used by beef cattle enterprises in Sivas district.In this research, 39 mixed feed and 32 barley samples were received separately from the establishments in December, February and April, and ochratoxin A analyses were conducted through the spectrophotometric method complying with the protocols defined in the test kit. In feeds of beef cattle, ochratoxin A levels were respectively discovered as 0.025, 0.024 and 0.024 ppm on average according to the periods of December, February and April. No significant difference was found between the ochratoxin A levels according to months. In barley, ochratoxin A levels were respectively discovered as 0.022, 0.020 and 0.021 ppm on average according to the periods of December, February and April. No significant difference was found between the periods. The ochratoxin A levels of mixed feeds were found higher than barley within the same period in December, February and April; significant difference was observed.Consequently, a certain level of ochratoxin A was discovered in the mixed feed and barley samples used in the beef cattle enterprises in Sivas. It has been agreed that it is necessary to provide the appropriate conditions at each stage from the production to the consumption of the feeds and feed raw materials for human and animal health.
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