Interventional cardiology is a minimally-invasive imaging procedure that allows medical doctor to evaluate and treat structural heart diseases. Due to its main advantages of avoidance of the scars and pain, as well as long post-operative recovery, interventional cardiology procedures have rapidly been growing. However, the increasingly complex and time-consuming procedures in interventional cardiology may increase the radiation exposure received by patients. This paper describes a study to measure patient radiation doses in terms of air kerma and kerma air-product (KAP) for various types of interventional cardiology procedures conducted in Indonesia. The measurements were performed at the interventional cardiology or cardiac catheterization facilities in sixteen hospitals in ten cities in Indonesia during the years of 2015 to 2019. A total of 147 procedures conducted on adult patients were used in this study. The type of procedure, total KAP, and air kerma were recorded after each procedure was completed. The demographic data of the patients were also recorded. The results showed that the mean air kerma and KAP measured for CA (coronary angiography) procedure were 680.7357.85 mGy and 12.525.86 Gy cm 2 , respectively, while the values for PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention) procedure were 890.6638.76 mGy and 20.189.37 Gy cm 2 , respectively. These results are well within the ranges reported by other previous studies. The results are somewhat affected by the body mass index of patients, while the fatal cancer risks among patients of CA and PCI procedures are comparable with those among interventional radiology procedures patients.
I brachytherapy sources with low photon energies have been widely used in treating tumors. According to American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group No. 43 (AAPM TG-43) recommendations, dosimetric characteristic of the new brachytherapy sources should be determined before clinical use. In this study, dosimetric characteristic of 125 I manufactured by BATAN have been determined through measurement by using Thermoluminescent Dosemeter (TLD) and gafchromic XR-QA2 film. The radial dose function measurements were performed at distances ranging from 0.5 to 10 cm from the source center. The anisotropy functions were measured at distances of 2, 3, and 5 cm from the source center for angles ranging from 0 to 90 degree in all quadrants. The results indicated that a dose rate constants measured with TLD and film are 1.05 8 % cGy.h-1 .U-1 and 1.01 8 % cGy.h-1 .U-1 , respectively. The radial dose function decreases along with the increasing distance from source and meets the 5 th order polynomial equation. The anisotropy function result shows that the anisotropy in dose distribution increases along the source axis. This measurement data are in agreement with the previous study on EGSnrc Monte Carlo result and have a similar pattern with IsoAid and GMS BT-125 commercial 125 I source.
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