IntroductionForest fires are one of the most important natural or anthropogenic events for grazing and forestry in dry lands. Extreme weather or climate change, usually characterized by hot and dry summers, is associated with high levels of forest fires. Another important issue is strong summer winds causing fires to spread at high speeds. Bassi and Kettunen ( 2008) stated that research on climate change indicated that increased fire hazards were likely to arise from global warming. Moreover, a combination of livestock grazing, fire exclusion, and logging disturbances has resulted in increases in tree density, canopy closure, vertical diversity, aerial fuel continuity, and surface fuel loads (Covington and Moore, 1994). As a consequence of these events and increasing human impact, the history of fire within a region and how these fires impact forests has become important information.Tree rings are one of the most comprehensive tools to find the years of past wildfires, their frequency, and their areas (Swetnam and Dieterich, 1983). In recent decades, fire events, their statistics, and magnitudes have been recorded throughout the world. Using tree rings the histories of many fires were determined in some dry lands in the United States and Europe (
Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) is the main forest tree species in Burabai National Park. Trees here grow under continental climate conditions. There are no dendroclimatological studies based on Scots pine of this region. The purpose of this study was to find the relationships between tree-ring widths and climate. For this purpose, a total of 176 cores from 100 Scots pine trees were collected. After measuring tree-ring widths, standard chronology building methods were used, and three site chronologies were constructed. Correlation coefficients between tree-ring widths with temperature and precipitation were calculated. Precipitation from October of the previous year to July of current year had a positive influence on tree-ring widths and August-September precipitation have the opposite effect. Temperature in the winter had positive effect for tree-ring growth but significantly negative during summer. Effects of climate changes on tree-ring widths were observed. The variation and sensitivity of tree-ring widths increased after 1940s. An increasing trend in precipitation, temperature, and tree-ring widths were clearly observed. In conclusion, tree-rings of Scots pine in Burabai are highly sensitive to growing site conditions and are affected by climate changes.
For modern metropolitan cities, one of the important problems that need to be solved is minimizing the risks of critical environmental issues in the conditions of climate change and degradation of natural resources. Environmental problems of cities lead to a decrease in their natural potential and are now coming to the fore. The concept of the modern development of the metropolitan city necessarily includes measures to comprehensively address issues of urban landscaping, preservation of cultural and historical heritage, and the formation of a sustainable environment. In this paper, considering compliance with environmental, social, and governance principles and based on an expert survey, an analysis of the case "Management of landscaping of the city of Nur-Sultan" and statistical data of the Department of Environmental Protection and Nature Management of Nur-Sultan, the main problems of landscaping in Nur-Sultan (Kazakhstan) have been identified and the situation of green spaces has been analyzed, together with the possibilities of planning a system of urban landscaping. With the help of GIS technology, an assessment of green spaces has been made. Materials from space images of the Sentinel-2 satellite have been loaded into the GIS. It has been concluded that urban landscaping in Kazakhstan continues to be based on recreational standards, whereas ecosystem planning of sustainable cities is a recognized European strategic approach, and the leading trend is the transition from uncontrolled territorial sprawl to structural reorganization of urban areas.
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