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Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was crystallized on anatase titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) photocatalytic crystals or their thin films using of a pseudo-body solution method, and electrochemical properties of the HAp-adhered anatase TiO 2 photocatalytic surfaces were discussed. Decomposition rates of methylene blue were faster for the HAp-adhered anatase TiO 2 photocatalysts, although specific surface areas were smaller than those for the commercial anatase TiO 2 ones. Surface potential dispersions on the HApadhered anatase TiO 2 thin films before and after an ultraviolet light irradiation were measured by an atomic force microscopy. Changes in the color of leucocrystalviolet mixed in the HApadhered anatase TiO 2 photocatalysts or the commercial anatase TiO 2 ones with experimental durations were compared. Movements of electrons from the anatase TiO 2 photocatalytic surfaces to the HAp, crystals and oxidizing reactions on the HAp-adhered anatase TiO 2 photocatalytic surfaces in the dark were discussed on the basis of these experimental results.

Activity of antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) is often determined by thermal hysteresis, which is the difference between the melting temperature and the nonequilibrium freezing temperature of ice in AF(G)P solutions. In this study, we confirmed that thermal hysteresis of AFP type I is significantly enhanced by a cooperative function of ammonium polyacrylate (NH4PA). Thermal hysteresis of mixtures of AFP type I and NH4PA was much larger than the sum of each thermal hysteresis of AFP type I and NH4PA alone. In mixed solutions of AFP type I and NH4PA in the thermal hysteresis region, hexagonal pyramidal-shaped pits densely formed on ice surfaces close to the basal planes. The experimental results suggest that the cooperative function of NH4PA with AFP type I was caused either by the increase in adsorption sites of AFP type I on ice or by the adsorption of AFP type I aggregates on ice.