The four volt K-ion battery is demonstrated as a possible alternative to 4 volt Li-ion battery.

To realize a reversible solid-state Mn(III/IV) redox couple in layered oxides, co-operative Jahn-Teller distortion (CJTD) of six-coordinate Mn(III) (t2g (3) -eg (1) ) is a key factor in terms of structural and physical properties. We develop a single-phase synthesis route for two polymorphs, namely distorted and undistorted P2-type Na2/3 MnO2 having different Mn stoichiometry, and investigate how the structural and stoichiometric difference influences electrochemical reaction. The distorted Na2/3 MnO2 delivers 216 mAh g(-1) as a 3 V class positive electrode, reaching 590 Wh (kg oxide)(-1) with excellent cycle stability in a non-aqueous Na cell and demonstrates better electrochemical behavior compared to undistorted Na2/3 MnO2 . Furthermore, reversible phase transitions correlated with CJTD are found upon (de)sodiation for distorted Na2/3 MnO2 , providing a new insight into utilization of the Mn(III/IV) redox couple for positive electrodes of Na-ion batteries.

Structurally identical KVPOF and KVOPO are evaluated as positive electrode materials for non-aqueous potassium-ion batteries. KVPOF and KVOPO show highly reversible potassium extraction/insertion with discharge capacities of ca. 92 mA h g and ca. 84 mA h g, respectively, and their average discharge voltage reaches above 4.0 V with 1 M KPF EC/PC electrolyte at 2.0-5.0 V. Despite the extraction of large potassium-ions, their lattice volume shrinkages after charging to 5.0 V are 5.8% for KVPOF and 3.3% for KVOPO, leading to stable cycle performance. This is the first report to confirm the charge/discharge behaviours of vanadium phosphate electrodes in 4 V-class K cells.

For a nonaqueous sodium-ion battery (NIB), phosphorus materials have been studied as the highest-capacity negative electrodes. However, the large volume change of phosphorus upon cycling at low voltage causes the formation of new active surfaces and potentially results in electrolyte decomposition at the active surface, which remains one of the major limiting factors for the long cycling life of batteries. In this present study, powerful surface characterization techniques are combined for investigation on the electrode/electrolyte interface of the black phosphorus electrodes with polyacrylate binder to understand the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in alkyl carbonate ester and its evolution during cycling. The hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) analysis suggests that SEI (passive film) consists of mainly inorganic species, which originate from decomposition of electrolyte solvents and additives. The thicker surface layer is formed during cycling in the additive-free electrolyte, compared to that in the electrolyte with fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) or vinylene carbonate (VC) additive. The HAXPES and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) studies further reveal accumulation of organic carbonate species near the surface and inorganic salt decomposition species. These findings open paths for further improvement for the cyclability of phosphorus electrodes for high-energy NIBs.

Electrochemical sodium insertion for hard carbon is examined in a cyclic alkylene carbonate based solution containing a NaClO4 or NaPF6 salt with a fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additive to study electrolyte dependency for sodium‐ion batteries. NaPF6‐based electrolytes provide superior reversibility and cyclability of sodium insertion into hard carbon compared with NaClO4‐based ones. The FEC‐derived passivation film improves capacity retention because of better passivation with a thinner surface layer, as revealed by hard and soft X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). The use of both the NaPF6 salt and FEC additive results in a synergetic effect on passivation for the hard‐carbon electrode, leading to enhanced cycle performance. Hard‐carbon electrodes with polyvinylidene difluoride binder in propylene carbonate based electrolytes containing NaPF6 and FEC demonstrate excellent capacity retention with a reversible capacity of about 250 mAh g−1. The difference in capacity retention for the electrolytes is expected to originate as a consequence of the difference in the surface interphase layer formed on the hard‐carbon electrodes. Surface analyses with PES and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry reveal differences in surface and passivation chemistry which depend on the salts, solvents, and FEC additives used for the hard‐carbon negative electrodes.