Softening of grape berries (Vitis 7inifera L.× V. labrusca L.pectin fractions decreased only after the V stage, while the neutral sugar content of the hemicellulose fraction decreased cv. Kyoho) was evaluated by studying changes in composition and degradation of cell-wall polysaccharides. The grape berry from the BV to V stages. Cellulose content constantly decreased as the berry ripened, but the large decrease was found softens at the beginning of the second growth cycle many weeks before harvest. The softening stage is called 'veraison' from the BV to V stages. Molecular masses of pectic and by viticulturists. On day 50 after full bloom, green hard hemicellulosic polysaccharides decreased from the BV to V berries (before veraison [BV]), softening berries (veraison [V]) stages. Hemicellulosic xyloglucan was markedly depolymerized from the BV to V stages. The neutral and acidic sugar and partly peel colored berries (C) were selected from the same clusters. In addition, mature berries (M) were collected composition of each fraction changed little during the berry on day 78 after full bloom. Mesocarp tissues at each stage ripening. These data indicated that softening of berry during were fractionated into hot water-soluble (WS), hot EDTA-sol-veraison involved the depolymerization of pectin and xylogluuble (pectin), alkali-soluble (hemicellulose) and residual (cellu-can molecules and decrease in the amounts of hemicellulose and cellulose. lose) fractions. Neutral and acidic sugar contents of WS and
Split-pit in peach fruit is a problematic disorder. Split-pit fruit cannot be detected based on external appearance, and contamination of fruit by split-pit reduces its reliability in the marketplace. Here, we demonstrate that split-pit fruit can be identified by a nondestructive acoustic vibration method and a unique approach based on the ratio of the third (f 3 ) to the second (f 2 ) resonant frequency. The response-resonant frequency spectra showed that the peaks of f 2 frequencies in split-pit fruit were shifted to much lower values than those in normal fruit, whereas those of f 3 frequencies showed only small shifts. The calculated f 3 /f 2 ratios in most normal fruit were in the range of 1.35-1.4, whereas those in split-pit fruit were 1.45-2.0. Analysis of more than 300 fruit samples revealed that by setting the f 3 /f 2 cut-off value at >1.45, 95% of split-pit fruit in the fruit samples were detected, whereas only 1.5% of normal fruit were missorted as split-pit fruit. A model for simulating the vibration properties of peach fruit was developed by using the finite element method. The simulated vibration patterns showed that f 3 /f 2 values were increased by the insertion of split pit, indicating that, at least partially, the observed high f 3 /f 2 values in split-pit fruit directly reflected split-pit occurrence. These results clearly demonstrate that the use of f 3 /f 2 ratios obtained using an acoustic vibration method can effectively detect fruit with split-pit. The possibility of installing acoustic vibration devices in peach sorting lines and the application of portable devices to unpicked fruit on the tree are discussed.
The effects of 14 different rootstocks on leaf photosynthesis, distribution of photosynthetic product, and growth of one-year-old trees of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. var. Sugiyama) were investigated. It was shown that leaves of satsuma mandarin grafted on trifoliate orange strains, such as `Rubidoux', `Pomeroy', and `USDA' showed higher photosynthetic rates than those on common trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.) rootstock. However, `Oba' (Large leaf strain) , `Barnes', and `sour orange' rootstocks had lower rates. Stomatal density and ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) activity in leaves seemed to be important factors for photosynthetic capacity. Also, the distribution of photosynthetic product differed among the rootstocks. The greatest value of top-root ratio was measured in `Rubidoux' trifoliate orange rootstock. Among the trifoliate oranges, tree size on `Rubidoux' rootstock was greatest and resulted in the highest dry matter production. This was mainly the result of total photosynthetic capacity of the trees.
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