The water is disinfected through different techniques commonly used at domestic level, including boiling, chlorination, UV (Ultraviolet) disinfection, etc. These methods require extensive amount of chemicals, energy and trained manpower. The solar disinfection of drinking water found as best among all other disinfection techniques as it is easy to apply, economically feasible and environmentally friendly technique. In this study a series of experiments were conducted in order to characterize the bacterial inactivation process contained in FDS (Fabricated Disinfection Setup), consists of a stainless steel tub and glass covering, and TPB (Transparent Plastic Bottles). In this study the role of solar radiation in bacterial inactivation process is compared in transparent plastic bottles and stainless steel tub to determine the performance of both by simulating conditions of turbidity, temperature, and exposure time. The results showed that disinfection of water contained in a stainless steel tub promoted more successful inactivation of total Coliforms reduction about 80% than that of transparent plastic bottles about 70%.
The purpose of this study was to design and fabricate a prototype electrocoagulation wastewater treatment unit. The treatment system consist of wastewater storage tank, reactor tank with electrodes, treated water collection tank, filtration unit, filtered water storage tank, DC power supply. The study focuses on the effect of electrocoagulation treatment unit on treatment of wastewater containing physical and biological impurities using aluminium and iron electrodes. The aluminium electrodes used as anode and iron electrodes used as cathode. This study was based on treatment of synthetic wastewater containing turbidity and total coliform colonies. The unit was optimized at various operating conditions including pH, current density, and contact time. Impurities removal efficiency of designed Electrocoagulation (EC) unit was investigated at various conditions. Batch flow system was used for operation of reactor. From the experiments, the best turbidity removal efficiency was 94% at 6.5 pH, 18 mins and 3 A and for total coliform the removal efficiency was 98.95 % at 6.5 pH, 18mins and 3A. Results showed that aluminium and iron electrode are very effective electrode material for removal of physical and biological impurities cost effectively.
In this study we have designed and fabricated a household solar water desalination unit for the arid regions of rural areas of Sindh like Tharparkar district. Drought conditions, shortage of drinking water and relying on saline water in arid regions of Sindh is a serious problem. In areas under these tracts, it is difficult to obtain drinkable water. This study focuses on the development of a cost effective and affordable desalination unit having simple construction, easy to use, repair, maintain and can be operated by an unskilled man. The solar desalination unit comprises of a solar oven, condenser, and collector pot. In this research various water samples were collected from three arid regions of Tharparkar district i.e., Islamkot, Diplo and Mithi. The performance of solar water desalination unit was assessed by analysing the Total Dissolve Solids (TDS), pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC) of all samples. The sample collected, before treatment had maximum TDS, conductivity, and pH values as 10421 mg/L, 20842 μS/cm and 8 respectively. Those sample after treatment reduced to TDS of 230 mg/L, conductivity of 460 μS/cm and pH of 7.4. This portable solar desalination unit showed remarkable results and found as effective in the removal of TDS from all water samples. The efficiency of unit was calculated as 35.2% with maximum daily output of 5 litres. This unit was constructed at very low cost of PAKPKR 4500/- and its complete rely on solar energy which makes it quite affordable for those which cannot afford expensive treatment techniques. This unit has very minimal maintenance cost and does not require electricity. The values for pH, TDS, and EC achieved from this unit are satisfying the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality.
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