Scoliosis is the deformity of the growing human spinal column such that the vertebral alignment is distorted in a corkscrew fashion. A person with severely deformed spine may find it difficult to breathe as the ribcage may press against the internal organs compromising the functions of the lungs and the heart. Due to the altered load transfer, these patients also suffer from back pain and early arthritis. The scoliotic deformity is surgically corrected by using implants which are screwed into the vertebra. In severe cases, complete correction may not be achievable. As a result, the loads experienced by the implants may not be optimal, leading to their early failure. The objective of this work is to study the effect on the deformity correction in a scoliotic spine. A three-dimensional model of the surgically corrected spine was segmented from the computed tomography scan and converted into a surface model. This model was imported in to ANSYS for meshing and subjected to compression load to simulate weight bearing. The stress concentration and displacement across the entire spine, individual vertebrae and discs was analysed. The effect on the implants was separately analysed as well.
Scoliosis is a disease of the spine which leads to corkscrew curvature occurring due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The abnormal curve is generally observed during the growth spurt just before puberty. Scoliosis has been classified into three different forms namely idiopathic, congenital and neuromuscular. When no specific cause for spinal defect is identified, the deformity is called idiopathic scoliosis. The patient specific scan model falls in the category congenital scoliosis. Mild cases of scoliosis can be treated by physiological treatments. Severe cases of scoliosis may have vertebral twisting, vertebral fusion and semi developed vertebral deformation. Severe cases of scoliosis could lead to adjacent organ damage, especially the heart and lungs. Large number of patients experience various back problems rendering day to day activities and normal physiological motion difficult. In most of the cases, scoliosis needs multiple surgical corrections with various implant rods and screws attached to the vertebrae. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of upper body load on the scoliosis affected region located at the junction of thoracic and lumbar region of the spine before surgery. The CT scan of the model is segmented and meshed to conduct studies such as stress concentration analysis, strain analysis and deflection in the segments.
Global warming and climate change are the most potent cause of natural disasters like droughts, high temperature, extreme cold in some places, rising ocean level. One of the most important cause of these disasters are poor cropping patterns and extensive use of agrochemicals. These chemical fertilizers increase the level of salts in the soil and also make the soil acidic. In the era of modern agriculture the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers to increase the production of food across the globe deteriorated the original productivity of soil. These chemical fertilizers are like instant food for plant because they instantly provide nutrition to the plants and help the plant to grow rapidly and at a faster pace. Chemical fertilizer are nutrients which are readily soluble and instantly available to plants, therefore usually the effect is direct and fast. Due to its high nutrient content, only relatively small amount are required for crop development and growth. Over application can result in harmful effects such as leaching, water resource pollution, microorganism and friendly insect’s destruction. The substitute to chemically made fertilizers are naturally occurring microorganisms that can be grown and multiply in laboratories to produce biofertilizers, which can serve as an efficient, effective and economical way for the better production of crops when World Health Organization has predicted that the population will be increased to 9.6 billion in the next 30 years and the food production should be increased by 50 percent. In recent years the biofertilizer emerged as a potential component to fix the nitrogen present in air and solubilize the phosphorous and promote plant growth. And also, these biofertilizers have the ability to make the environment clean by bioremediation. These plant growths promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) like bacteria, algae and fungus promote the sustainable development approach provided by United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21) which was held in Paris in 2015. The study reviews these efficient, eco-friendly, economical and sustainable nutrients which have the potential for the better production of crops, and it is based on several relevant literatures and reviews and research work carried out by several prominent researchers in this field.
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