This letter reports the fabrication and performance of back-illuminated separate absorption and multiplication AlGaN solar-blind avalanche photodiodes. Devices with a 60-μm-diameter active area and a double-mesa structure exhibit a low dark current density of 1.06 × 10−8 A/cm2 at the reverse bias of 20 V and a maximum multiplication gain up to 3000 at the reverse bias of 91 V. The temperature dependence of avalanche voltage shows a large positive temperature coefficient of 0.05 V/K, confirming that avalanche multiplication is the dominant gain mechanism in the photodiodes.
A metal-, base-, and additive-free amide bond formation
reaction
was developed under an organic photoredox catalyst. This green approach
showed excellent functional selectivity without affecting other functional
groups such as alcohols, phenols, ethers, esters, halogens, or heterocycles.
This method featured a broad substrate scope, good compatibility with
water and air, and high yields (≤95%). The potential utilities
were demonstrated by the synthesis of important drug molecules such
as paracetamol, melatonin, moclobemide, and acetazolamide.
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