This study explores how JFL learners take a benefactive stance in Japanese. As Jaffe (2009) observes, stance-taking "plays a complex role with respect to the naturalization of social and linguistic ideologies and the social structures they legitimate." The way in which language is used to take a stance always concerns the social context in which a speaker finds her/himself. In Japanese, benefactive verbs (kureru, ageru, morau and their honorific and humble equivalents) are indispensable stance indicators for showing gratitude or indebtedness. Such expressions do not really exist in English and their grammar is complex. It is assumed that JFL learners will struggle with taking a benefactive stance using those expressions. In order to analyze JFL learners' stance-taking, data were collected from narrative interviews with ten JFL learners who are currently in 300-and 400-level university courses. In order to explore how learners attempt to show stance-reflecting benefaction, they were asked questions that aimed to elicit a speaker's feelings of gratitude. Some examples of such questions are, "Who do you appreciate the most in your life?" or "Who is the most generous person you know?" The data show that (1) learners do use (or attempt to use) benefactive verbs to ii indicate stance, (2) they also fail to use benefactive verbs in contexts where they are called for, and (3) they misuse benefactive verbs, e.g., using ageru instead of kureru. Furthermore, it revealed that learners tend to show stance using adjectives, adverbs, or ritual expressions that show appreciation but they fail to utilize benefactive. This failure to project a benefactive stance can lead to miscommunication and/or misunderstanding between learners and Japanese speakers. I offer possible ways to promote learners' awareness of the benefaction in Japanese culture. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr. Patricia Wetzel, for her continuous support, patience, inspiration, and encouragement. It has been my honor to be her last M.A. student. Without her guidance, I could not have completed this project. I truly cannot thank her enough. I would also like to thank the other members of my thesis committee, Dr. Jon Holt and Dr. Suwako Watanabe, for giving me great advice on my research and their support throughout my years at PSU. My sincere thanks also go to the other faculty members, Dr. Karen Curtin and Dr. Lawrence Kominz for offering their support and inspiration. They always inspired me to become a scholar in this field. I am also indebted to my colleagues who shared friendships and encouragement during my years at PSU. I have been blessed to work with this amazing team, a list that includes
Objetives: As the first step forward building a supporting system for the Parents of Children with Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities (PIMD) at home, we developed a new resilience scale that can be used by multiple professionals to understand the situation of those parents and to provide the necessary support. Methods: First, we collected scale items on the basis of our previous study as well as related reports in the literature. These items were then screened by the research team with knowledge and experience in supporting those parents, finally, 37 items were generated. Then, we asked the parents of children with PIMD who were of elementary school age and above in the Kanto-Shinetsu area to complete a questionnaire. Out of 477 questionnaires sent, 193 were refused, and the data were statistically analyzed. Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the scale was made up of the following seven factors. 1) Understanding and awareness of the child, 2) Empowerment by the child, 3) Use of specialists, 4) Interest and concern in something other than the child, 5) Emotional adjustment, 6) Maintenance of lifestyle balance, and 7) Request for assistances. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of each factor was calculated. The validity was also confirmed by determining the relationship of resilience with parents' well-being. Conclusions: The results suggest that the new resilience scale for parents of children with PIMD developed in this study can be a reliable instrument for assessing resilience in Japanese parents of a child with such disabilities Key words: Resilience Scale for the Parents of a Child with Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities (重度障害児の親のレジリエンス尺度) ,questionnaire(質問紙調査) , medical care(医療的ケア) ,home care(在宅生活)
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