Background: Fosaprepitant-associated injection site reaction (ISR) has been reported in patients treated with cisplatin, an irritant drug. We conducted this retrospective study to clarify the incidence and symptoms of fosaprepitant-associated ISR in patients treated with anthracycline.Patients and methods: Fifty six patients receiving 159 injections administering doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC), fluorouracil/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide (FEC), or rituximab/cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine/prednisolone (R-)CHOP regimen through a peripheral vein at ambulatory treatment centers reviewed for this study from patients' medical records. Incidence of ISR was compared between 24 patients with fosaprepitant injection (fosaprepitant group) and 32 patients without fosaprepitant (control group). Frequency and symptoms of ISR per injection were also compared between 61 injections with fosaprepitant and 98 injections without fosaprepitant.Results: Both the ISR incidence rate per patient and per injection were significantly higher in the fosaprepitant group than in the control group (67% vs. 16%; P=0.0002, 34% vs. 8.2%; P<0.0001, respectively). By multivariate analysis, fosaprepitant injection was found to be a significant independent variable correlated with ISR risk. Symptoms observed in 61 injections of fosaprepitant were pain (n=14, 23%), erythema (n=10, 16%), swelling (n=6, 10%), and delayed drip infusion (n=6, 10%). After the observation period, no ISR occurred when the administration route was changed to central venous injection or oral aprepitant was administered despite the continuation of chemotherapy.Conclusion: ISR occurred more frequently and severely when fosaprepitant was injected through the peripheral vein in patients treated with anthracyclines compared to those without fosaprepitant.

The present study investigated characteristics of the relative age effect (RAE) among a general sample of Japanese elementary and junior high school students. Japan applies a unique annual age-grouping by birthdates between April 1 and March 31 of the following year for sport and education. Anthropometric and physical fitness data were obtained from 3,610 Japanese students, including height, weight, the 50-m sprint, standing long jump, grip strength, bent-leg sit-ups, sit and reach, side steps, 20-m shuttle run, and ball throw. We examined RAE-related differences in these data using a one-way analysis of variance by comparing students with birthdates in the first (April-September) versus second (October-March of the following year) semesters. We observed a significant RAE for boys aged 7 to 15 years on both anthropometric and fitness data, but a significant RAE for girls was only evident for physical fitness tests among elementary school and not junior high school students. Thus, a significant RAE in anthropometry and physical fitness was evident in a general sample of school children, and there were RAE gender differences among adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to investigate psychophysiologic responses to slow movement tempo exercise in three experiments. Exps. 1 and 2 were designed to compare slow with preferred movement tempos chosen freely by the subjects. The task movements in Exp. 1 were repetitive Arm Swinging, Stepping, and Body Swaying, performed by 14 female undergraduate students, while in Exp. 2, Body Swaying and Arm Winding were performed by 10 female undergraduate students and 13 boys and girls junior high school students. Respiration, heart rate, and scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were measured. Analysis showed respiration rates were lower during slow tempo conditions than preferred conditions. Exp. 3 was designed to compare very slow with slow movement tempos, using a Tai Chi-type of movement performed by 6 female undergraduate students. The subjects were required to synchronize the task movement with auditory stimuli, during which respiration and heart rate were measured, and a UWIST Mood-Adjective Checklist was utilized. Under the very slow movement conditions, Energetic Arousal scores were lower than those for the slow movement and the variation of respiration between rest and task conditions corresponded inversely with the Tense Arousal scores. Together, our results suggest that slow tempo exercise does not increase physiological or psychological arousal.

This study investigated the properties of speed control and psychophysiological response when subjects changed movement speed internally. The task consisted of a continuous forearm rotational movement, which 14 women performed under 3 conditions, namely, (1) Preferred: the subject performed the task at a freely selected speed, (2) Slow: the subject changed the speed in two steps from preferred to a slower pace (slow, then very slow), (3) Fast: the subject changed the speed in two steps from preferred to a faster pace (fast, then very fast). Rotation speed and the coefficient of variation were measured to evaluate within-subject variability. Under the Preferred condition, there were no significant differences in rotation speed or coefficient of variation during the trials. However, under Slow and Fast conditions, the standard variation scores and coefficient of variation indicated different tendencies. Under the Fast condition, although the standard variation increased with the faster speed, the coefficient of variation decreased. On the other hand, the coefficient of variation increased under the Slow condition. Preferred speed had a significant positive relationship to the slow, very slow, fast, and very fast speeds. Heart rate (R-R interval) and EEG spectral intensity measurements showed no significant changes among the three conditions: however, respiration frequency significantly increased during Fast as compared to Preferred and Slow conditions. These results suggest that a preferred speed for continuous movement exists and that it is closely related to internal speed control as a psychological criterion. Furthermore, different movement speeds may reflect different psychophysiological responses.

The purpose of this study was to investigate psychophysiologic responses to slow movement tempo exercise in three experiments. Exps. 1 and 2 were designed to compare slow with preferred movement tempos chosen freely by the subjects. The task movements in Exp. 1 were repetitive Arm Swinging, Stepping, and Body Swaying, performed by 14 female undergraduate students, while in Exp. 2, Body Swaying and Arm Winding were performed by 10 female undergraduate students and 13 boys and girls junior high school students. Respiration, heart rate, and scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were measured. Analysis showed respiration rates were lower during slow tempo conditions than preferred conditions. Exp. 3 was designed to compare very slow with slow movement tempos, using a Tai Chi-type of movement performed by 6 female undergraduate students. The subjects were required to synchronize the task movement with auditory stimuli, during which respiration and heart rate were measured, and a UWIST Mood-Adjective Checklist was utilized. Under the very slow movement conditions, Energetic Arousal scores were lower than those for the slow movement and the variation of respiration between rest and task conditions corresponded inversely with the Tense Arousal scores. Together, our results suggest that slow tempo exercise does not increase physiological or psychological arousal.